Bone Chemistry
Introduction Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides mechanical support, protection, mineral storage, and metabolic regulation. Bone is a […]
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
Introduction The connective tissue extracellular matrix is a mesoderm-derived tissue that provides structural support, strength, and metabolic integration to organs
Cystic fibrosis
Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder. It primarily affects the respiratory, digestive, and sweat gland systems.
Digestion and absorption of lipids
Introduction Lipids are an important dietary component that provide energy and help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their
Hermaphroditism
Introduction Hermaphroditism refers to a group of congenital conditions in which an individual shows discordance between chromosomal sex, gonadal sex,
Biosynthesis and Storage of Fats
Introduction Fats (lipids) are essential biomolecules that serve as a major source of energy in the human body. They provide
Cell organization and function
Introduction The cell is the smallest living unit capable of carrying out all vital life processes. In anatomy and physiology,
Vitamins
Introduction Vitamins are organic micronutrients required in small amounts for normal metabolism, growth, and health.They cannot be synthesized adequately by
Acid-base balance
Definition Acid-base balance regulates the body’s hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration to maintain the blood’s pH within the normal range of 7.35–7.45. Maintaining
Abnormal haemoglobins
Introduction Abnormal haemoglobins are variations in the haemoglobin molecule that result from genetic mutations affecting the globin chains. These abnormalities
Normal constituents of urine analysis
Introduction Urine is the final excretory product formed by the kidneys and reflects overall metabolic and renal function. Normal urine
Turner Syndrome
Introduction Turner’s Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects only females. It occurs when one X chromosome is missing or
Determination of Uric Acid
AIM: Determination of Uric Acid Introduction The end product of purine breakdown in humans is uric acid. Purine catabolism begins
Biomedical Research
PPV and NPV
1. PPV and NPV PPV (Positive Predictive Value) Definition: If a test is positive, PPV tells you how likely it
Biomedical Research
Sensitivity & Specificity
1️⃣ First, Understand the Problem: Why Do We Need These Terms? Imagine you created a blood test to detect a
Thyroid Function Tests
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, growth, and energy balance. Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs) help
Collection and recording of biological specimens in a biochemistry lab
Introduction The reliability of any biochemical test depends heavily on proper collection and accurate recording of biological specimens such as
Surface Tension
Introduction Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a liquid to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.It
Preparation of reagents and standard solutions
Introduction In biochemistry, reagents and standard solutions are not merely chemical mixtures—they are analytical tools that enable quantification, calibration, and
Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates
Introduction Carbohydrates are a major dietary energy source and must be broken into simple sugars before absorption. The diet contains
Protein Metabolism
Sources of Amino Acids Dietary proteins – obtained from food and digested into amino acids. Degradation of body (tissue) proteins
Digestion and absorption of proteins
Introduction Proteins are fundamental macronutrients that form the structural and functional framework of life. Every living cell depends on proteins
Osmosis
Introduction Osmosis is the movement of water or solvent molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region
Dialysis
Introduction Dialysis is one of the most remarkable applications of biochemical and physiological principles used in modern medicine. It is
Klinefelter Syndrome
Introduction Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting males, caused by the presence of one or more extra X
DiGeorge Syndrome
Introduction DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 (22q11.2 deletion). It affects the
Down Syndrome
Introduction Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Normally, every
Genetics of Cancer
Introduction Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes that control normal cell growth, division, and death. These
Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome
Introduction Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that primarily affects males and is caused by a defect
Amino Acids
Amino Acids Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) of proteins. An amino acid comprises two functional groups—amino (–NH2), and