Total and viable count of bacteria
Introduction Determination of bacterial count is an important laboratory procedure used to estimate the number of microorganisms present in a […]
Tuberculosis
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by Tuberculosis. The disease primarily affects the lungs, but it
Cryptococcosis
Introduction Cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic fungal infection caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The two most important
Collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for microbiology investigations
Introduction Accurate microbiological diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the clinical sample that reaches the laboratory. The process begins
Sterilization
Introduction Sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life and is carried out in health-care
Nosocomial Infection
Introduction Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are infections that develop during a patient’s stay in a healthcare
Acute Diarrheal Disease
Introduction Acute diarrheal disease is a significant global health issue that can result from various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses,
Bacterial Morphology Explained: Types, Size, Forms and Arrangement
Introduction Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that show remarkable diversity in shape, size, and arrangement. Morphology is one of the
Structure and Classification of Microbes
Introduction Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are present everywhere in
Enteric Fever
Introduction Enteric fever is a systemic infectious disease primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract and reticuloendothelial system. It is caused by:
Whooping Cough
Introduction Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is an acute and highly contagious bacterial infection. It primarily affects the respiratory
Treponema
Introduction Treponema species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Spirochaetaceae. Among them, Treponema pallidum is the most medically
Neisseria
Introduction Neisseria is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic diplococci that are exclusively human pathogens. Most species are commensals of the
Escherichia coli
Introduction Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a normal commensal
Uses and mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants
Introduction Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical agents used to control the growth of microorganisms and prevent infections. They play a
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
Handling, Cleaning, Decontamination, and Disposal in a Microbiology lab
Introduction Microbiology labs handle bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and recombinant microbes. These organisms may cause diseases, spread infection, or contaminate
General Characteristics of Bacteria
Introduction Bacteria are ancient and highly adaptable microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, from soil and water to
Growth and nutrition of microbes
Introduction Growth and nutrition of microbes describe how microorganisms obtain nutrients, utilize energy sources, and multiply under suitable environmental conditions.
Biomedical waste management
Introduction Biomedical waste includes infectious, pathological, chemical, pharmaceutical, radioactive, and sharps waste produced during healthcare activities. Why BMW management is
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that cause
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Introduction Epidemiology is the scientific discipline that studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations and applies this
Care and handling of laboratory animals
Introduction Care and handling of laboratory animals requires careful attention to ethical standards, health, welfare, and scientific integrity. Proper care
Principle of staining methods in the microbiology lab
Introduction The principle of staining methods in the microbiology lab, like Gram staining, is a fundamental laboratory technique used to
Spore stain
Principle Spore staining relies on the ability of spores to resist conventional staining methods due to their tough, multi-layered coats.
Albert’s stain
Principle Albert’s stain works based on the unique ability of Corynebacterium species to accumulate metachromatic granules in their cytoplasm. These
Laboratory Safety
General Laboratory Safety Personal Protective Equipment: Lab Coats: Protects clothing and skin from spills and splashes. Gloves: Necessary when handling
Routine Staining and Microscopy of Stool for Ova and Cysts
Principle Staining techniques is to improve the visibility of intestinal parasites (ova, cysts, trophozoites) within stool samples through selective staining
Microbiology
Methods for Determining Motility of Bacteria
Motility of Bacteria Motility refers to the ability of bacteria to move actively and independently. It is an important characteristic