Morphology and Life Cycle of Malaria Protozoa
Introduction Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. It is transmitted primarily through […]
Virology - III Yr
Prevention of viral diseases
Introduction Prevention of viral diseases has long been a significant threat to global health, causing illnesses from mild colds to
Serological and immunological techniques
Introduction Serological and immunological techniques are laboratory-based methods used to detect and measure the presence of specific antigens (substances that
Trematodes
Introduction Trematodes, commonly known as flukes, are a group of parasitic flatworms belonging to the class Trematoda. These parasites are
Virology - III Yr
Hemagglutination Assay
Introduction Hemagglutination Assay (HA) is a widely used laboratory technique for detecting and quantifying viruses, antibodies, and other biomolecules that
Parasitology - II Yr
Casons test
Introduction Cason’s test is a biochemical test used to detect sphingomyelin, a major phospholipid found in biological membranes, especially in
Egg counting techniques
Introduction Parasitic infections caused by helminths (worms) and protozoa significantly impact human and animal health worldwide. The detection and quantification
Laboratory Diagnosis of Superficial Dermatophyte Infections
Superficial dermatophyte infections involve the skin, hair, or nails and are caused by dermatophytes belonging to genera such as Trichophyton,
TPHA and FTA-ABS
Introduction The TPHA and FTA-ABS tests are confirmatory tests for syphilis after a non-treponemal test (such as VDRL) shows a
Microbiology III Yr, Medical Microbiology, Pathology – II - 2nd Yr
VDRL Test
Introduction The VDRL test was developed as a screening test for syphilis and is particularly used to detect secondary syphilis
Microbiology III Yr
Cold Agglutination Test
Introduction The Cold Agglutination Test detects cold agglutinins (antibodies) in a patient’s blood, which cause RBCs to agglutinate at temperatures
Echinococcus
Echinococcus is a genus of parasitic tapeworms belonging to the family Taeniidae, and it causes a disease known as echinococcosis
Taenia solium
Taenia is a genus of parasitic flatworms, or tapeworms, responsible for taeniasis in humans. The genus includes two main species:
Trichinella spiralis
Habitat Definitive Habitat: The adult worms of Trichinella spiralis reside in the mucosa of the small intestine of their hosts,
Dracunculus
Dracunculus is a genus of parasitic nematodes that cause dracunculiasis (also known as Guinea worm disease). The disease is transmitted
Filariae
Filariae are a group of parasitic nematodes (roundworms) responsible for various human diseases known as filarial infections. The diseases caused
Trypanosomes
Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, responsible for various diseases in humans and animals. The most notable
Leishmania
Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa responsible for a group of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. These diseases are
Laboratory Animals in Viral Culture
Introduction Using laboratory animals in viral culture has been critical in virology research, particularly for studying viral pathogenesis, vaccine development,
Virology - II Yr
Animal cell culture and their use in virology
Introduction Animal cell culture is the process of growing animal cells in vitro under controlled laboratory conditions. In virology, cell
Virology - II Yr
Embryonated eggs in clinical virology
Embryonated eggs have been a cornerstone in clinical virology for decades, particularly for isolating and cultivating viruses that cannot be
Virology - II Yr
Positive staining technique for virology
Introduction Positive staining is widely used in virology, especially for electron microscopy (EM), to stain virus particles and enhance their
Microbiology II Yr
Preparation and Standardization of Antigen and Antisera
The preparation and standardization of antigens and antisera are essential in immunology, particularly in developing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and research
Assay Methods for Body Fluids
Assaying body fluids involves detecting and quantifying various analytes, including cells, proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, hormones, and microorganisms. These tests are
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing (AST) is crucial for determining the susceptibility of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) to various antimicrobial agents. It helps
Biochemical Tests for Bacteria and Fungi
Biochemical Tests for Bacteria Biochemical tests help to identify bacteria by evaluating their metabolic properties, enzymatic activity, and reaction to
Laboratory Contaminants
Common bacteriology Laboratory Contaminants In bacteriology labs, it is crucial to differentiate between true pathogens and common contaminants. Contaminants are
Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) test
Introduction The Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) test is a vital diagnostic tool for measuring antibodies produced against Streptolysin O (SLO), a
Laboratory Diagnosis of Intestinal Nematode Infections
Introduction Intestinal nematodes (roundworms) are among the most common parasitic infections worldwide, affecting millions of people, particularly in tropical and
Strongyloides stercoralis
Introduction Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that causes strongyloidiasis. It is unique among intestinal helminths because it can