Bacteriological examinations of water, milk, food, and air
Introduction Bacteriological examination is performed to detect the presence, number, and type of microorganisms in environmental and food samples. It […]
Practical section cutting
Introduction Practical section cutting is one of the most important technical procedures in histopathology because the final microscopic diagnosis depends
Quality Control in Histopathology
Introduction Quality control in histopathology means a systematic process of monitoring all laboratory activities to ensure that tissue diagnosis is
Internal Quality Control and External Quality Assessment of Immunohistochemistry
Introduction Immunohistochemistry is one of the most important diagnostic techniques used in modern pathology for identification of specific cellular antigens
Total and viable count of bacteria
Introduction Determination of bacterial count is an important laboratory procedure used to estimate the number of microorganisms present in a
Testing of disinfectant Riedeal –walker, Chick Martin
Introduction Disinfectants are chemical agents used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces. Before a disinfectant is used in hospitals,
Morphology of Normal Blood Cells and Their Identification
Introduction A peripheral blood smear is a vital tool for evaluating the morphology and characteristics of blood cells. The three
Preservation of microbes and lyophilisation methods
Introduction Preserving microbial cultures is crucial for applied microbiology, enabling researchers to retain microbial strains for long-term use in research,
Hemocytometer and Hemocytometry
Structure of a Hemocytometer A traditional hemocytometer and Hemocytometry consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a grid etched
Complete Patient History Taking Guide for Medical Students
Introduction Patient history taking is the first and one of the most important steps in clinical evaluation. A large part
Joints
Introduction A joint is the place where two or more bones or cartilages meet. It acts as a connection between
Application of Recombinant DNA Technology in Medicine
Introduction Recombinant DNA technology is a modern biological technique used to combine DNA from two different organisms. In this method,
Basic Therapeutic Approach to Common Clinical Syndromes
Introduction In medical practice, a syndrome means a group of symptoms and signs that appear together and suggest a particular
Research design
Introduction Research design is the overall framework used to plan, organize, conduct, and analyze a scientific study. It acts as
Mycoplasma
Introduction Mycoplasma is the smallest free-living microorganism capable of self-replication. It belongs to the class Mollicutes, meaning “soft skin,” because
Plague
Introduction Plague is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. It is one of the most important epidemic diseases in medical history.
Urinary Tract Infections
Introduction Urinary Tract Infection is one of the most common bacterial infections affecting humans. It occurs when microorganisms invade any
Tuberculosis
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by Tuberculosis. The disease primarily affects the lungs, but it
Ultracentrifuge
Introduction Ultracentrifugation is an advanced centrifugation technique used in laboratories to separate very small biological particles. It is commonly used
Mental Health, Personality and Defence Mechanisms
Introduction Mental health is an important part of overall health and well-being. It influences how individuals think, feel, and behave
Psychology in Healthcare: Scope, Branches, Brain & Behaviour and Psychological Tests
Introduction Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It examines how people think, feel, and act in
Serum albumin
Introduction Serum Albumin Test is a commonly performed laboratory test used to measure the concentration of albumin in blood serum.
Disinfection and Sterilization Methods in Healthcare
Introduction Disinfection is an important process in healthcare settings used to reduce or eliminate harmful microorganisms from medical instruments, equipment,
Cleaning and Care of Surgical Instruments
Introduction The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is an essential unit in hospitals responsible for the cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, storage,
Cryptococcosis
Introduction Cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic fungal infection caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The two most important
Determination of Total Protein
AIM: Determination of Total Protein Introduction Total Proteins are the most abundant compounds in serum. Amino acids are the building
Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the
Hospital Acquired Infections
Introduction Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that develop in patients during their stay in a
Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which control and coordinate all body functions.
Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System: Bronchodilators
Introduction The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.