Pyogenic Infections
Introduction Pyogenic infections, characterized by pus formation, are primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria that induce acute inflammation. These infections can […]
Preparation of various components of blood for transfusion
Introduction Whole blood contains: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets Plasma (with clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes) Modern
Types and Stages of Infection
Introduction Infection occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade the body, multiply, and cause tissue damage.
Bacterial Morphology Explained: Types, Size, Forms and Arrangement
Introduction Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that show remarkable diversity in shape, size, and arrangement. Morphology is one of the
Clinical Sociology: Need and Use in Crisis Situations
Introduction Clinical sociology is an applied branch of sociology that focuses on diagnosing, understanding, and intervening in social problems. Unlike
Introduction to pharmacology
Introduction Pharmacology is a core subject in medical and health sciences. It explains how drugs act, how they move inside
Structure and Classification of Microbes
Introduction Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are present everywhere in
Introduction to Pathology
Introduction Pathology is one of the most important and core branches of medical science. It is the study of disease,
DNA fingerprinting
Introduction DNA fingerprinting is a molecular technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. Except for
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining
Introduction Peripheral blood smear examination is a fundamental hematological technique used to study the morphology of blood cells. It helps
Embedding media
Introduction The embedding process and the choice of embedding media are critical for achieving high-quality histological sections, essential for accurate
Microtome knives and knife sharpening
Introduction Microtome knives and knife sharpening are essential in laboratories, especially in histology and materials science, for preparing ultra-thin specimen
Lipid identification and demonstration
Introduction Lipids are essential biomolecules that play a critical role in cellular structure, energy storage, and signaling functions. They are
Enteric Fever
Introduction Enteric fever is a systemic infectious disease primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract and reticuloendothelial system. It is caused by:
Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disease
Introduction Prenatal diagnosis refers to medical tests performed during pregnancy to detect genetic, chromosomal, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus.
Cholera
Introduction Cholera is an acute, severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by profuse watery
Rh Blood Group System
Introduction Rh blood group system is the second most important blood group system after ABO. It is highly polymorphic, with
Respiratory System
Introduction The respiratory system is functionally divided into two portions: the conducting portion and the respiratory portion. The conducting portion
Quantitative assays of coagulation
Introduction Quantitative assays of coagulation factors play a vital role in the diagnosis, classification, and management of bleeding disorders. These
Blood Transfusion and Plasma Exchange
Introduction Blood transfusion and plasma exchange are life-saving medical procedures that involve the transfer of blood or blood components from a donor to
Diphtheria
Introduction Diphtheria is an acute, communicable, toxin-mediated bacterial infection. It primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, especially the tonsils, pharynx,
Whooping Cough
Introduction Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is an acute and highly contagious bacterial infection. It primarily affects the respiratory
Chemical examination of urine (Part -2)
Introduction Urine analysis, also known as urinalysis, is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic laboratory investigations. It is carried
Female Reproductive System
Introduction The female reproductive system comprises a group of internal and external sex organs responsible for reproduction, hormonal regulation, and
Haemoglobinometry
Introduction Haemoglobinometry is the quantitative measurement of haemoglobin concentration in blood. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing respiratory pigment present in red
Screening coagulation tests
Introduction Screening coagulation tests are initial laboratory investigations used to assess the hemostatic system. These tests help in the early
Abnormal constituents of urine analysis
Introduction Urine analysis, also called urinalysis, is a commonly used diagnostic laboratory test. It is performed to evaluate the composition
Physical Examination of urine (Part -1)
Introduction Routine urine analysis is a commonly performed laboratory investigation used for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. It is
Immunohematology and applications of blood groups
Introduction Immunohematology is the branch of immunology concerned with blood group antigens and antibodies It deals with antigen–antibody reactions involving
Blood requisition acceptance, issue counter management, and component inspection
Introduction Blood transfusion services are an essential part of modern healthcare Safe transfusion depends on strict adherence to standard operating