Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the […]
Biochemistry II Yr
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Nutrition
Introduction Nutrition is taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life. Provide the
Minerals
Introduction Minerals are inorganic elements required by the human body for normal growth, development, and maintenance of physiological functions. Unlike
Digestion and absorption of lipids
Introduction Lipids are an important dietary component that provide energy and help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their
Vitamins
Introduction Vitamins are organic micronutrients required in small amounts for normal metabolism, growth, and health.They cannot be synthesized adequately by
Acid-base balance
Definition Acid-base balance regulates the body’s hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration to maintain the blood’s pH within the normal range of 7.35–7.45. Maintaining
Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates
Introduction Carbohydrates are a major dietary energy source and must be broken into simple sugars before absorption. The diet contains
Protein Metabolism
Sources of Amino Acids Dietary proteins – obtained from food and digested into amino acids. Degradation of body (tissue) proteins
Digestion and absorption of proteins
Introduction Proteins are fundamental macronutrients that form the structural and functional framework of life. Every living cell depends on proteins
Amino Acids
Amino Acids Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) of proteins. An amino acid comprises two functional groups—amino (–NH2), and
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Introduction Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific metal elements in a
Flame photometry
Introduction Flame photometry is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of metal ions, primarily those of alkali and
Spectrophotometer
Introduction A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure how much light a substance absorbs at a particular wavelength. It
Colorimeter
Introduction A colorimeter is a device that measures the intensity of color or the absorbance of light by a solution.
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition:
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – II
Proteinuria Introduction Proteinuria is the abnormal presence of protein in the urine, often exceeding 150 mg/day in adults. It can
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – I
Introduction Plasma proteins are a heterogeneous group found in blood plasma, constituting a significant blood component. They originate primarily from
Protein Chemistry
Introduction Proteins are the high molecular weight mixed polymers of α-amino acids joined with peptide linkage (-CO-N H-). Proteins are
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Digestion of Carbohydrates The principal sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consists of:
Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically following the empirical formula (CH2O)n, where
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,
Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique that measures minute amounts of antigens or substances (such
Electrophoresis
Introduction Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, or proteins using an electric
Chromatography
Introduction Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Introduction Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is the metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria (and
Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) Ions
Introduction Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions is critical electrolytes in the human body, involved in various physiological