Mycoplasma
Introduction Mycoplasma is the smallest free-living microorganism capable of self-replication. It belongs to the class Mollicutes, meaning “soft skin,” because […]
Microbiology II Yr
Cryptococcosis
Introduction Cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic fungal infection caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The two most important
Enterobacter cloacae
Introduction Enterobacter cloacae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is widely distributed in nature and
Pseudomonas
Introduction Gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermenting bacillus Widely distributed in nature; found in soil, water, and moist environments Important opportunistic pathogen in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated bacillus It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is a facultative anaerobe
Leptospira
Introduction Leptospira species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Leptospiraceae. Among them, Leptospira interrogans is the most important
Treponema
Introduction Treponema species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Spirochaetaceae. Among them, Treponema pallidum is the most medically
Neisseria
Introduction Neisseria is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic diplococci that are exclusively human pathogens. Most species are commensals of the
Clostridium
Introduction Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli of major medical importance. These organisms are widely distributed
Bacillus
Introduction Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria Belongs to the family Bacillaceae Widely distributed in soil, water, air,
Brucella
Introduction Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, also known
Bordetella
Introduction Bordetella is a genus of small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is the principal causative agent of whooping cough
Haemophilus
Introduction Haemophilus is a genus of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract. Members of
Yersinia
Introduction Yersinia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Members of this genus are short, rod-shaped
Salmonella
Introduction Salmonella is a clinically important Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a major cause of food-borne
Shigella
Introduction Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Shigella is the causative agent of
Vibrio cholerae
Introduction Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, curved (comma-shaped), motile bacterium. It is the causative agent of cholera, an acute water-borne
Streptococci
Introduction Streptococci are Gram-positive, spherical (cocci) bacteria that typically arrange in chains or pairs. They belong to the family Streptococcaceae
Escherichia coli
Introduction Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a normal commensal
Staphylococci
Introduction Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci that typically appear in grape-like clusters due to division in multiple planes. They are non-motile,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen responsible for various serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Understanding
Microbiology II Yr
Preparation and Standardization of Antigen and Antisera
The preparation and standardization of antigens and antisera are essential in immunology, particularly in developing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and research
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and other mycobacteria plays a critical role in identifying drug resistance patterns
Assay Methods for Body Fluids
Assaying body fluids involves detecting and quantifying various analytes, including cells, proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, hormones, and microorganisms. These tests are
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing (AST) is crucial for determining the susceptibility of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) to various antimicrobial agents. It helps
Biochemical Tests for Bacteria and Fungi
Biochemical Tests for Bacteria Biochemical tests help to identify bacteria by evaluating their metabolic properties, enzymatic activity, and reaction to
Laboratory Contaminants
Common bacteriology Laboratory Contaminants In bacteriology labs, it is crucial to differentiate between true pathogens and common contaminants. Contaminants are
Nocardia
Introduction Nocardia is a genus of aerobic, gram-positive, partially acid-fast, branching filamentous bacteria found in soil, decaying organic matter, and
Actinomyces
Introduction Actinomyces are a group of filamentous, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, facultative anaerobic (or microaerophilic) bacteria that are part of the normal
Mycetoma fungi
Introduction Mycetoma fungi is a chronic, granulomatous infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes deeper structures like bone. It