Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics

Introduction Recombinant DNA technology is a modern biological technique used to combine DNA from two different organisms. In this method, […]

Introduction DNA fingerprinting is a molecular technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. Except for

Introduction Prenatal diagnosis refers to medical tests performed during pregnancy to detect genetic, chromosomal, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus.

Introduction Mutation refers to a heritable and permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material (DNA or RNA). Mutations

Introduction Haemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of specific coagulation factors. It results in prolonged or spontaneous

Introduction  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder. It primarily affects the respiratory, digestive, and sweat gland systems.

Introduction Hermaphroditism refers to a group of congenital conditions in which an individual shows discordance between chromosomal sex, gonadal sex,

Introduction  Turner’s Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects only females. It occurs when one X chromosome is missing or

Introduction Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting males, caused by the presence of one or more extra X

Introduction DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 (22q11.2 deletion). It affects the

Introduction Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Normally, every

Introduction Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes that control normal cell growth, division, and death. These

Introduction Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that primarily affects males and is caused by a defect

Introduction Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by excessive accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites in blood and

Introduction Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), leading to

Introduction Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which

Introduction DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell

Introduction Satellite DNA refers to repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences that form distinct “satellite bands” when genomic DNA is separated by

Introduction Chromosomes are thread-like structures present inside the nucleus of every living cell. They are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic

Topoisomerase DNA is not just a straight ladder — in the cell, it’s supercoiled, twisted, and packed tightly. Whenever DNA

Introduction DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the fundamental molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms, from the simplest