Blood banking glassware
Introduction Blood banking glassware plays an important role in various stages, such as collection, processing, testing, and storage of blood and […]
MMLT I Yr
ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four
Laboratory instruments and equipments
Introduction Medical laboratory instruments and equipment play a vital role in the accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. These
Recombinant DNA Technology
Introduction Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to DNA molecules created by joining DNA from two or more sources. The process typically
Isolation of Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. They exist in all living organisms and
Automation in Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a cornerstone of clinical diagnostics, providing critical information on the detection, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Introduction Epidemiology is the scientific discipline that studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations and applies this
Southern Blot
Introduction Southern blotting is a method in molecular biology used to find specific DNA sequences in a sample of DNA.
Northern Blot
Introduction Northern blotting is a molecular biology technique used to detect, identify, and study RNA molecules (mainly mRNA) within a
Western blot
Introduction Western blotting, also called immunoblotting, is a laboratory technique used to detect, identify, and semi-quantify specific proteins from a
Fluorescent Immunoassay
Introduction Immunoassays are analytical techniques that use the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody to detect and quantify
DNA Replication
Introduction DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell
Satellite DNA
Introduction Satellite DNA refers to repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences that form distinct “satellite bands” when genomic DNA is separated by
Chromosomes
Introduction Chromosomes are thread-like structures present inside the nucleus of every living cell. They are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
Preparation of Tissue Sections in Histopathology
Introduction The preparation of tissue sections is an essential step in histopathology. Different techniques are used depending on whether we
Methods of Examination of Tissues and Cells
Introduction Histopathology = study of tissues under the microscope to detect disease.Cytopathology = study of cells under the microscope for
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Introduction Anaemia is a condition where the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells or enough haemoglobin to
Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding
Introduction Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding is a fundamental technique in histopathology and biomedical research. This process is essential
Chemistry of Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Purines & Pyrimidine Bases Purines and pyrimidines are types of nitrogenous bases found in the structure of nucleotides, the building
Care and handling of laboratory animals
Introduction Care and handling of laboratory animals requires careful attention to ethical standards, health, welfare, and scientific integrity. Proper care
Gross Examination of Histopathology
AIM: Gross Examination of Histopathological Specimens Principle The principle of gross examination of histopathology involves the visual and tactile assessment
Principle of staining methods in the microbiology lab
Introduction The principle of staining methods in the microbiology lab, like Gram staining, is a fundamental laboratory technique used to
Accreditation of Medical Microbiology Laboratories
Introduction Definition:Accreditation of Medical Microbiology Laboratories is the formal recognition by an authorized body that a laboratory is competent to
Laboratory organization, management, recording of results and quality control in microbiology
Introduction Organising, managing, recording results, and implementing stringent quality control in microbiology labs are vital to producing reliable and reproducible
Decalcification
Introduction Decalcification is a critical preparatory step in histology, particularly for hard tissues such as bone and teeth, which contain
Fixatives
Introduction A histological fixative is a chemical substance used to preserve biological tissues from decay, maintaining the structure of cells
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Digestion of Carbohydrates The principal sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consists of:
Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically following the empirical formula (CH2O)n, where
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,
Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique that measures minute amounts of antigens or substances (such