Introduction The flow of genetic information in all living organisms follows the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA → RNA → Protein. Transcription is the process of Read More …
Transcription and Translation
Author: Mr. Arvind Kumar
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition: “Enzymes are biological macromolecules (mostly proteins) that act as catalysts Read More …
Laboratory instruments and equipments
Introduction Medical laboratory instruments and equipment play a vital role in the accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. These tools, ranging from simple microscopes and centrifuges to advanced analyzers Read More …
Hormones
Introduction The term hormone comes from the Greek word hormao, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” Hormones play a central role in communication within the body by transmitting Read More …
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – II
Proteinuria Introduction Proteinuria is the abnormal presence of protein in the urine, often exceeding 150 mg/day in adults. It can be transient, orthostatic (position-dependent), or persistent. Persistent proteinuria usually indicates Read More …