Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis
Introduction Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis) is a protozoan parasite and one of the most […]
Collection, Preservation, and Processing of Samples for Parasitic Diagnosis
Parasitic infections can cause various diseases in humans, affecting various body systems. Accurate diagnosis of these infections is crucial for
Gonorrhea
Introduction Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It has significant health implications
Syphilis
Introduction Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete bacterium. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact but can also
Typhoid Fever
Introduction Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi), a bacterium primarily affecting humans. It is transmitted
Anthrax
Introduction Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, gram-positive rod. The spores of B. anthracis can
Chlamydia
Chlamydia species are significant pathogens responsible for various infections, especially in the urogenital and respiratory tracts. Understanding their characteristics, pathogenic
Rickettsia
Rickettsia species are significant pathogens that cause febrile illnesses, often transmitted by arthropod vectors. Understanding their characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and
Leprosy
Introduction Leprosy, or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This intracellular bacterium primarily affects
Epidemiological markers of micro-organisms serotyping, bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing method
Epidemiology, the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations, plays a crucial role in understanding the
Toxin-Antitoxin Assay and pathogenicity tests
The toxin-antitoxin (TA) system is a stress-response system used by bacteria. It comprises two components: the toxin, which can inhibit
Microorganism in the tissue-various staining techniques
Identifying microorganisms within tissue samples is crucial in diagnosing infectious diseases and determining their causative agents. Microorganisms, such as bacteria,
Preparation and standardisation of vaccines and immunization
Preparation and Standardization of Vaccines and Immunization Schedules Vaccines are one of the most critical tools in public health, preventing