Practical section cutting
Introduction Practical section cutting is one of the most important technical procedures in histopathology because the final microscopic diagnosis depends […]
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Morphology of Normal Blood Cells and Their Identification
Introduction A peripheral blood smear is a vital tool for evaluating the morphology and characteristics of blood cells. The three
Hemocytometer and Hemocytometry
Structure of a Hemocytometer A traditional hemocytometer and Hemocytometry consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a grid etched
Joints
Introduction A joint is the place where two or more bones or cartilages meet. It acts as a connection between
Collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for microbiology investigations
Introduction Accurate microbiological diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the clinical sample that reaches the laboratory. The process begins
Sterilization
Introduction Sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life and is carried out in health-care
Blood Sample Collection
Introduction Blood sample collection is a vital procedure in laboratory medicine for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting diseases. The accuracy of
Romanowsky dyes
Introduction Romanowsky dyes are a group of polychromatic staining techniques that are fundamental to diagnostic haematology. These stains are primarily
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining
Introduction Peripheral blood smear examination is a fundamental hematological technique used to study the morphology of blood cells. It helps
Embedding media
Introduction The embedding process and the choice of embedding media are critical for achieving high-quality histological sections, essential for accurate
Microtome knives and knife sharpening
Introduction Microtome knives and knife sharpening are essential in laboratories, especially in histology and materials science, for preparing ultra-thin specimen
Chemical examination of urine (Part -2)
Introduction Urine analysis, also known as urinalysis, is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic laboratory investigations. It is carried
Haemoglobinometry
Introduction Haemoglobinometry is the quantitative measurement of haemoglobin concentration in blood. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing respiratory pigment present in red
Abnormal constituents of urine analysis
Introduction Urine analysis, also called urinalysis, is a commonly used diagnostic laboratory test. It is performed to evaluate the composition
Physical Examination of urine (Part -1)
Introduction Routine urine analysis is a commonly performed laboratory investigation used for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. It is
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
Introduction Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) is the most commonly used routine staining technique in histopathology. It is the first-line
Labeling of histology specimens
Introduction Labeling of histology specimens is a crucial pre-analytical step in histopathology and diagnostic laboratories. It involves accurate identification and
Microtome
Introduction Microtomes are precision laboratory instruments used for cutting uniform, ultra-thin sections of specimens. They are essential in histology, pathology,
Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods
Introduction Microbial culture is a fundamental laboratory technique used for isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms. Culture methods allow
Uses and mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants
Introduction Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical agents used to control the growth of microorganisms and prevent infections. They play a
Cell organization and function
Introduction The cell is the smallest living unit capable of carrying out all vital life processes. In anatomy and physiology,
Normal constituents of urine analysis
Introduction Urine is the final excretory product formed by the kidneys and reflects overall metabolic and renal function. Normal urine
Histology laboratory equipment
Introduction Histology laboratory equipment is essential for preparing and examining tissue samples for microscopic study. These tools ensure proper fixation,
Collection and recording of biological specimens in a biochemistry lab
Introduction The reliability of any biochemical test depends heavily on proper collection and accurate recording of biological specimens such as
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
Physiological Variations in Haematological Parameters
Physiological Variations A Comprehensive Guide for Students, Clinicians, and Laboratory Professionals Physiological Variations in Haematological Parameters are essential indicators of
Handling, Cleaning, Decontamination, and Disposal in a Microbiology lab
Introduction Microbiology labs handle bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and recombinant microbes. These organisms may cause diseases, spread infection, or contaminate
Histopathology lab safety
Introduction Histopathology involves processing biological tissues using various chemical, mechanical, and heat-based procedures. Lab personnel are exposed to: Infectious agents
General Characteristics of Bacteria
Introduction Bacteria are ancient and highly adaptable microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, from soil and water to
Growth and nutrition of microbes
Introduction Growth and nutrition of microbes describe how microorganisms obtain nutrients, utilize energy sources, and multiply under suitable environmental conditions.