Cytochemical staining procedures
Introduction Cytochemical staining is a laboratory technique used to identify specific chemical constituents present inside cells by means of selective […]
Laboratory investigations of megaloblastic anaemia
Introduction Megaloblastic anaemia is a macrocytic anaemia caused by defective DNA synthesis, leading to formation of abnormally large red blood
Cerebrospinal fluid
Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid present in and around the central nervous system. It fills the
Morphology of Normal Blood Cells and Their Identification
Introduction A peripheral blood smear is a vital tool for evaluating the morphology and characteristics of blood cells. The three
Hemocytometer and Hemocytometry
Structure of a Hemocytometer A traditional hemocytometer and Hemocytometry consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a grid etched
Blood Sample Collection
Introduction Blood sample collection is a vital procedure in laboratory medicine for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting diseases. The accuracy of
Cellular Adaptation and Cell Death
Introduction Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. In a constantly changing internal and external environment, cells
Romanowsky dyes
Introduction Romanowsky dyes are a group of polychromatic staining techniques that are fundamental to diagnostic haematology. These stains are primarily
Cell injury
Introduction Cells are dynamic structures that constantly maintain internal balance (homeostasis). They adapt to stress through mechanisms such as hypertrophy,
Preparation of various components of blood for transfusion
Introduction Whole blood contains: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets Plasma (with clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes) Modern
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining
Introduction Peripheral blood smear examination is a fundamental hematological technique used to study the morphology of blood cells. It helps
Embedding media
Introduction The embedding process and the choice of embedding media are critical for achieving high-quality histological sections, essential for accurate
Rh Blood Group System
Introduction Rh blood group system is the second most important blood group system after ABO. It is highly polymorphic, with
Quantitative assays of coagulation
Introduction Quantitative assays of coagulation factors play a vital role in the diagnosis, classification, and management of bleeding disorders. These
Blood Transfusion and Plasma Exchange
Introduction Blood transfusion and plasma exchange are life-saving medical procedures that involve the transfer of blood or blood components from a donor to
Haemoglobinometry
Introduction Haemoglobinometry is the quantitative measurement of haemoglobin concentration in blood. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing respiratory pigment present in red
Screening coagulation tests
Introduction Screening coagulation tests are initial laboratory investigations used to assess the hemostatic system. These tests help in the early
Physical Examination of urine (Part -1)
Introduction Routine urine analysis is a commonly performed laboratory investigation used for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. It is
Immunohematology and applications of blood groups
Introduction Immunohematology is the branch of immunology concerned with blood group antigens and antibodies It deals with antigen–antibody reactions involving
Blood requisition acceptance, issue counter management, and component inspection
Introduction Blood transfusion services are an essential part of modern healthcare Safe transfusion depends on strict adherence to standard operating
Hemostatic Mechanism
Introduction Hemostasis is the physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss following injury to a blood vessel. It maintains a
Compatibility test
Introduction Compatibility test in blood transfusion, also called crossmatching, is a pre-transfusion laboratory procedure. It is performed to ensure that
Lupus Erythematosus cells
Introduction The LE (Lupus Erythematosus) cell phenomenon is a classical immuno-hematological finding associated with autoimmune diseases. It was first described
Transfusion reaction
Introduction Blood transfusion is a life-saving therapeutic procedure widely used in medical and surgical practice, but it is not without
Complication and hazard of Blood transfusions
Introduction Blood transfusion is a life-saving medical procedure widely used in anemia, trauma, surgery, obstetric emergencies, hematological disorders, and critical
Di Guglielmo syndrome
Introduction Di Guglielmo syndrome is a rare and aggressive hematological malignancy involving the erythroid (red blood cell) precursor cells. It
Physiological Variations in Haematological Parameters
Physiological Variations A Comprehensive Guide for Students, Clinicians, and Laboratory Professionals Physiological Variations in Haematological Parameters are essential indicators of
Discovery of blood groups
Discovery of Blood Groups The discovery of blood groups is one of the most influential breakthroughs in medical science. Today,
Introduction to hematology and Laboratory Organization
Introduction Hematology is the branch of laboratory medicine that deals with the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
Blood banking glassware
Introduction Blood banking glassware plays an important role in various stages, such as collection, processing, testing, and storage of blood and