ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four […]
Trephine Technique – Bone Marrow Biopsy
Introduction The bone marrow is the central organ of blood formation (hematopoiesis). It produces red blood cells (RBCs), white blood
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia
Introduction Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) is a rare blood disorder in which the immune system produces autoantibodies that attack
Staining of bone marrow smear
Introduction Bone marrow is the main factory of blood cells. It produces red cells, white cells, and platelets. Many blood
Anticoagulants
Introduction Anticoagulants play a crucial role in ensuring that blood samples remain in a fluid state for testing, storage, and
Thrombocyte Disorder
Thrombocyte Disorder Thrombocyte disorders are disorders affecting platelets (thrombocytes), the blood cells primarily involved in clot formation. These disorders can
ESR
AIM: Determination of ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) by the LANDAU Method Principles The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a non-specific
Leukaemia
Leukaemia Leukaemia is a type of cancer originating in the hematopoietic tissues, particularly the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction
Aplastic Anemia
Introduction Aplastic anaemia is a rare and potentially life-threatening hematologic condition characterised by bone marrow failure. The bone marrow, which is responsible
Formation of Blood
Introduction Formation of blood or hematopoiesis is the process by which all types of blood cells are produced and developed
Anaemia
Definition of Anaemia Anaemia is a reduction in the quantity or functionality of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin in
Composition and Functions of Blood
Introduction Blood is a vital fluid in the human body that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting
Determination of Clotting Time
AIM: Determination of Clotting Time Capillary method Principle The principle behind the capillary method is that blood, when exposed to
Determination of Bleeding Time
AIM: Determination of Bleeding Time Duke Method Principle: The Duke method is a simple test to measure the time taken
Determination of Reticulocyte Count
AIM: Determination of Reticulocyte Count Principle The supravital staining method is used for reticulocyte count. Blood is mixed with the
Determination of Platelet Count
AIM: Determination of Platelet Count (Thrombocyte) Principle The total platelet count is a blood test used to measure the number
Determination of PCV
AIM: Determination of PCV (Packed Cell Volume), also known as hematocrit (HCT) Microhematocrit Method Principle The principle of the microhematocrit
Determination of Total Leukocyte Count
AIM: Determination of Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) Principle The glacial acetic acid lyses the red cells while the gentian violet
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
AIM: Determination of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Principle The ESR is based on the principle of gravity and the aggregation
Determination of Hemoglobin
AIM: Determination of Hemoglobin Principle of Sahli’s method When blood is added to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, hemoglobin is converted
Determination of Malaria Parasites
Determination of Malaria Parasites The thick blood smear concentrates Plasmodium parasites, making them easier to detect, while the thin smear
Preparation of blood smear and staining method
Principle Blood smear preparation is used to examine blood cells under a microscope. It allows for the evaluation of the
Identification of mineral pigment stains
Introduction Identification of mineral pigment stains is inorganic substances that accumulate in tissues due to various physiological, pathological, or environmental
Determination of abnormal hemoglobin by various methods
Determination of abnormal hemoglobin by various methods Electrophoresis is based on the principle of charge-to-mass ratio of molecules. Hemoglobin molecules
May Grünwald Giemsa (MGG) staining technique
Introduction Cytological staining plays a fundamental role in clinical diagnostics by enhancing the visualization of cellular components. The May Grünwald
Hematology III Yr
Safety measures for handling radio-isotopes
General Principles of Radiation Safety The following principles form the foundation of radiation protection: ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably
Hematology III Yr
Uses of Radioisotopes
Introduction Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes, are unstable atoms that emit radiation as they decay into stable forms. In
Platelet Function Tests
Introduction Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, anucleate cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. They play
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Introduction Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a diagnostic procedure widely used in medical practice to assess lesions and masses.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex disorder characterized by widespread coagulation system activation, resulting in microvascular thrombi formation, consumption