Mycoplasma
Introduction Mycoplasma is the smallest free-living microorganism capable of self-replication. It belongs to the class Mollicutes, meaning “soft skin,” because […]
BMLT II Yr
Cryptococcosis
Introduction Cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic fungal infection caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The two most important
Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Nutrition
Introduction Nutrition is taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life. Provide the
Preparation of various components of blood for transfusion
Introduction Whole blood contains: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets Plasma (with clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes) Modern
Respiratory System
Introduction The respiratory system is functionally divided into two portions: the conducting portion and the respiratory portion. The conducting portion
Quantitative assays of coagulation
Introduction Quantitative assays of coagulation factors play a vital role in the diagnosis, classification, and management of bleeding disorders. These
Female Reproductive System
Introduction The female reproductive system comprises a group of internal and external sex organs responsible for reproduction, hormonal regulation, and
Screening coagulation tests
Introduction Screening coagulation tests are initial laboratory investigations used to assess the hemostatic system. These tests help in the early
Enterobacter cloacae
Introduction Enterobacter cloacae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is widely distributed in nature and
Pseudomonas
Introduction Gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermenting bacillus Widely distributed in nature; found in soil, water, and moist environments Important opportunistic pathogen in
Male Reproductive System
Introduction The male reproductive system consists of specialized organs that are responsible for the production, maturation, and transport of male
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated bacillus It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is a facultative anaerobe
Urinary System
Introduction Urinary system consists of: A pair of kidneys A pair of ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidneys produce urine. Urine
Minerals
Introduction Minerals are inorganic elements required by the human body for normal growth, development, and maintenance of physiological functions. Unlike
Leptospira
Introduction Leptospira species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Leptospiraceae. Among them, Leptospira interrogans is the most important
Treponema
Introduction Treponema species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Spirochaetaceae. Among them, Treponema pallidum is the most medically
Hemostatic Mechanism
Introduction Hemostasis is the physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss following injury to a blood vessel. It maintains a
Neisseria
Introduction Neisseria is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic diplococci that are exclusively human pathogens. Most species are commensals of the
Clostridium
Introduction Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli of major medical importance. These organisms are widely distributed
Bacillus
Introduction Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria Belongs to the family Bacillaceae Widely distributed in soil, water, air,
Brucella
Introduction Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, also known
Bordetella
Introduction Bordetella is a genus of small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is the principal causative agent of whooping cough
Haemophilus
Introduction Haemophilus is a genus of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract. Members of
Compatibility test
Introduction Compatibility test in blood transfusion, also called crossmatching, is a pre-transfusion laboratory procedure. It is performed to ensure that
Yersinia
Introduction Yersinia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Members of this genus are short, rod-shaped
Haemoglobin Pigments
Introduction Degradation pigments of haemoglobin are coloured products formed during the normal breakdown of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin degradation occurs after the
Lupus Erythematosus cells
Introduction The LE (Lupus Erythematosus) cell phenomenon is a classical immuno-hematological finding associated with autoimmune diseases. It was first described
Hemoglobin Synthesis
Introduction Hemoglobin is a complex iron-containing protein present in red blood cells. It is responsible for the transport of oxygen