Bacteriological examinations of water, milk, food, and air
Introduction Bacteriological examination is performed to detect the presence, number, and type of microorganisms in environmental and food samples. It […]
BMLT III Yr
Total and viable count of bacteria
Introduction Determination of bacterial count is an important laboratory procedure used to estimate the number of microorganisms present in a
Testing of disinfectant Riedeal –walker, Chick Martin
Introduction Disinfectants are chemical agents used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces. Before a disinfectant is used in hospitals,
Preservation of microbes and lyophilisation methods
Introduction Preserving microbial cultures is crucial for applied microbiology, enabling researchers to retain microbial strains for long-term use in research,
Plague
Introduction Plague is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. It is one of the most important epidemic diseases in medical history.
Urinary Tract Infections
Introduction Urinary Tract Infection is one of the most common bacterial infections affecting humans. It occurs when microorganisms invade any
Tuberculosis
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by Tuberculosis. The disease primarily affects the lungs, but it
Serum albumin
Introduction Serum Albumin Test is a commonly performed laboratory test used to measure the concentration of albumin in blood serum.
Determination of Total Protein
AIM: Determination of Total Protein Introduction Total Proteins are the most abundant compounds in serum. Amino acids are the building
Hospital Acquired Infections
Introduction Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that develop in patients during their stay in a
Hypersensitivity
Introduction Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen (allergen) that leads to tissue damage and pathological
Immunoglobulins
Introduction The immune system is a sophisticated defense network that protects the body from infections and diseases. The humoral immune
Cells and organs of immune systems
Introduction to the Immune System The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together
Determination of Total Cholesterol
AIM: Determination of Total Cholesterol Introduction Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol present in blood, including LDL, HDL,
Gas Gangrene
Introduction Gas gangrene is a severe, necrotizing soft tissue infection primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens, along with other species of
Acute Diarrheal Disease
Introduction Acute diarrheal disease is a significant global health issue that can result from various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses,
Food Poisoning
Introduction Food poisoning is an acute gastrointestinal illness caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. It may be due
Respiratory Tract Infections
Introduction Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) are infections affecting any part of the respiratory system. The respiratory tract is divided into:
Pyogenic Infections
Introduction Pyogenic infections, characterized by pus formation, are primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria that induce acute inflammation. These infections can
Lipid identification and demonstration
Introduction Lipids are essential biomolecules that play a critical role in cellular structure, energy storage, and signaling functions. They are
Enteric Fever
Introduction Enteric fever is a systemic infectious disease primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract and reticuloendothelial system. It is caused by:
Cholera
Introduction Cholera is an acute, severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by profuse watery
Diphtheria
Introduction Diphtheria is an acute, communicable, toxin-mediated bacterial infection. It primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, especially the tonsils, pharynx,
Whooping Cough
Introduction Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is an acute and highly contagious bacterial infection. It primarily affects the respiratory
Meningitis
Introduction Meningitis is a serious inflammatory condition involving the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It
Handling fresh histological specimens
Introduction Handling of fresh histological specimens is the first and most critical step in the histopathology workflow. The quality of
Determination of Uric Acid
AIM: Determination of Uric Acid Introduction The end product of purine breakdown in humans is uric acid. Purine catabolism begins
Thyroid Function Tests
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, growth, and energy balance. Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs) help
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
Leukaemia
Leukaemia Leukaemia is a type of cancer originating in the hematopoietic tissues, particularly the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction