Respiratory Tract Infections
Introduction Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) are infections affecting any part of the respiratory system. The respiratory tract is divided into: […]
BMLT
Pyogenic Infections
Introduction Pyogenic infections, characterized by pus formation, are primarily caused by pathogenic bacteria that induce acute inflammation. These infections can
Preparation of various components of blood for transfusion
Introduction Whole blood contains: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets Plasma (with clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes) Modern
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining
Introduction Peripheral blood smear examination is a fundamental hematological technique used to study the morphology of blood cells. It helps
Embedding media
Introduction The embedding process and the choice of embedding media are critical for achieving high-quality histological sections, essential for accurate
Microtome knives and knife sharpening
Introduction Microtome knives and knife sharpening are essential in laboratories, especially in histology and materials science, for preparing ultra-thin specimen
Lipid identification and demonstration
Introduction Lipids are essential biomolecules that play a critical role in cellular structure, energy storage, and signaling functions. They are
Enteric Fever
Introduction Enteric fever is a systemic infectious disease primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract and reticuloendothelial system. It is caused by:
Cholera
Introduction Cholera is an acute, severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by profuse watery
Respiratory System
Introduction The respiratory system is functionally divided into two portions: the conducting portion and the respiratory portion. The conducting portion
Quantitative assays of coagulation
Introduction Quantitative assays of coagulation factors play a vital role in the diagnosis, classification, and management of bleeding disorders. These
Diphtheria
Introduction Diphtheria is an acute, communicable, toxin-mediated bacterial infection. It primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, especially the tonsils, pharynx,
Whooping Cough
Introduction Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is an acute and highly contagious bacterial infection. It primarily affects the respiratory
Chemical examination of urine (Part -2)
Introduction Urine analysis, also known as urinalysis, is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic laboratory investigations. It is carried
Female Reproductive System
Introduction The female reproductive system comprises a group of internal and external sex organs responsible for reproduction, hormonal regulation, and
Haemoglobinometry
Introduction Haemoglobinometry is the quantitative measurement of haemoglobin concentration in blood. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing respiratory pigment present in red
Screening coagulation tests
Introduction Screening coagulation tests are initial laboratory investigations used to assess the hemostatic system. These tests help in the early
Abnormal constituents of urine analysis
Introduction Urine analysis, also called urinalysis, is a commonly used diagnostic laboratory test. It is performed to evaluate the composition
Physical Examination of urine (Part -1)
Introduction Routine urine analysis is a commonly performed laboratory investigation used for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. It is
Enterobacter cloacae
Introduction Enterobacter cloacae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is widely distributed in nature and
Pseudomonas
Introduction Gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermenting bacillus Widely distributed in nature; found in soil, water, and moist environments Important opportunistic pathogen in
Male Reproductive System
Introduction The male reproductive system consists of specialized organs that are responsible for the production, maturation, and transport of male
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated bacillus It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is a facultative anaerobe
Urinary System
Introduction Urinary system consists of: A pair of kidneys A pair of ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidneys produce urine. Urine
Meningitis
Introduction Meningitis is a serious inflammatory condition involving the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It
Handling fresh histological specimens
Introduction Handling of fresh histological specimens is the first and most critical step in the histopathology workflow. The quality of
Minerals
Introduction Minerals are inorganic elements required by the human body for normal growth, development, and maintenance of physiological functions. Unlike
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
Introduction Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) is the most commonly used routine staining technique in histopathology. It is the first-line
Labeling of histology specimens
Introduction Labeling of histology specimens is a crucial pre-analytical step in histopathology and diagnostic laboratories. It involves accurate identification and
Leptospira
Introduction Leptospira species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Leptospiraceae. Among them, Leptospira interrogans is the most important