Hemocytometer and Hemocytometry
Structure of a Hemocytometer A traditional hemocytometer and Hemocytometry consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a grid etched […]
DMLT
Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the
Blood Sample Collection
Introduction Blood sample collection is a vital procedure in laboratory medicine for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting diseases. The accuracy of
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Determination of Total Cholesterol
AIM: Determination of Total Cholesterol Introduction Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol present in blood, including LDL, HDL,
Preparation of various components of blood for transfusion
Introduction Whole blood contains: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets Plasma (with clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes) Modern
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining
Introduction Peripheral blood smear examination is a fundamental hematological technique used to study the morphology of blood cells. It helps
Embedding media
Introduction The embedding process and the choice of embedding media are critical for achieving high-quality histological sections, essential for accurate
Chemical examination of urine (Part -2)
Introduction Urine analysis, also known as urinalysis, is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic laboratory investigations. It is carried
Physical Examination of urine (Part -1)
Introduction Routine urine analysis is a commonly performed laboratory investigation used for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. It is
Microtome
Introduction Microtomes are precision laboratory instruments used for cutting uniform, ultra-thin sections of specimens. They are essential in histology, pathology,
Lupus Erythematosus cells
Introduction The LE (Lupus Erythematosus) cell phenomenon is a classical immuno-hematological finding associated with autoimmune diseases. It was first described
Transfusion reaction
Introduction Blood transfusion is a life-saving therapeutic procedure widely used in medical and surgical practice, but it is not without
Digestion and absorption of lipids
Introduction Lipids are an important dietary component that provide energy and help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their
Determination of Uric Acid
AIM: Determination of Uric Acid Introduction The end product of purine breakdown in humans is uric acid. Purine catabolism begins
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
General Characteristics of Bacteria
Introduction Bacteria are ancient and highly adaptable microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, from soil and water to
Protein Metabolism
Sources of Amino Acids Dietary proteins – obtained from food and digested into amino acids. Degradation of body (tissue) proteins
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four
Transcription and Translation
Introduction The flow of genetic information in all living organisms follows the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition:
Protein Chemistry
Introduction Proteins are the high molecular weight mixed polymers of α-amino acids joined with peptide linkage (-CO-N H-). Proteins are
Staining of bone marrow smear
Introduction Bone marrow is the main factory of blood cells. It produces red cells, white cells, and platelets. Many blood
Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding
Introduction Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding is a fundamental technique in histopathology and biomedical research. This process is essential
Decalcification
Introduction Decalcification is a critical preparatory step in histology, particularly for hard tissues such as bone and teeth, which contain
Fixatives
Introduction A histological fixative is a chemical substance used to preserve biological tissues from decay, maintaining the structure of cells
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Digestion of Carbohydrates The principal sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consists of:
Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically following the empirical formula (CH2O)n, where
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,