Hemocytometer and Hemocytometry
Structure of a Hemocytometer A traditional hemocytometer and Hemocytometry consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a grid etched […]
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Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the
Blood Sample Collection
Introduction Blood sample collection is a vital procedure in laboratory medicine for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting diseases. The accuracy of
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Preparation of various components of blood for transfusion
Introduction Whole blood contains: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets Plasma (with clotting factors, proteins, electrolytes) Modern
Blood Smear Preparation and Staining
Introduction Peripheral blood smear examination is a fundamental hematological technique used to study the morphology of blood cells. It helps
Embedding media
Introduction The embedding process and the choice of embedding media are critical for achieving high-quality histological sections, essential for accurate
Microtome
Introduction Microtomes are precision laboratory instruments used for cutting uniform, ultra-thin sections of specimens. They are essential in histology, pathology,
Lupus Erythematosus cells
Introduction The LE (Lupus Erythematosus) cell phenomenon is a classical immuno-hematological finding associated with autoimmune diseases. It was first described
Transfusion reaction
Introduction Blood transfusion is a life-saving therapeutic procedure widely used in medical and surgical practice, but it is not without
Digestion and absorption of lipids
Introduction Lipids are an important dietary component that provide energy and help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
General Characteristics of Bacteria
Introduction Bacteria are ancient and highly adaptable microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, from soil and water to
Protein Metabolism
Sources of Amino Acids Dietary proteins – obtained from food and digested into amino acids. Degradation of body (tissue) proteins
ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition:
Protein Chemistry
Introduction Proteins are the high molecular weight mixed polymers of α-amino acids joined with peptide linkage (-CO-N H-). Proteins are
Staining of bone marrow smear
Introduction Bone marrow is the main factory of blood cells. It produces red cells, white cells, and platelets. Many blood
Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding
Introduction Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding is a fundamental technique in histopathology and biomedical research. This process is essential
Decalcification
Introduction Decalcification is a critical preparatory step in histology, particularly for hard tissues such as bone and teeth, which contain
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Digestion of Carbohydrates The principal sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consists of:
Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically following the empirical formula (CH2O)n, where
Anticoagulants
Introduction Anticoagulants play a crucial role in ensuring that blood samples remain in a fluid state for testing, storage, and
Leukaemia
Leukaemia Leukaemia is a type of cancer originating in the hematopoietic tissues, particularly the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction
Anaemia
Definition of Anaemia Anaemia is a reduction in the quantity or functionality of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin in
Composition and Functions of Blood
Introduction Blood is a vital fluid in the human body that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting
Determination of PCV
AIM: Determination of PCV (Packed Cell Volume), also known as hematocrit (HCT) Microhematocrit Method Principle The principle of the microhematocrit
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
AIM: Determination of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Principle The ESR is based on the principle of gravity and the aggregation
Determination of Hemoglobin
AIM: Determination of Hemoglobin Principle of Sahli’s method When blood is added to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, hemoglobin is converted
Cardiac Profile Test
Introduction A cardiac profile test is a comprehensive panel of blood tests designed to evaluate the heart’s overall health and