Introduction The VDRL test was developed as a screening test for syphilis and is particularly used to detect secondary syphilis and the early stages of the disease. Syphilis progresses in Read More …
Category: Pathology – II – 2nd Yr
C-reactive protein
Introduction C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of inflammation, synthesized by the liver in response to cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1). CRP plays Read More …
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as enteric fever. The bacteria Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi cause these diseases. The Read More …
Cervical cytology
Cervical Cytology Cervical cytology is a diagnostic and screening method to evaluate cellular changes in the cervix. It is primarily performed to detect premalignant lesions and malignancies, allowing early intervention Read More …
Principles of Antigen Antibody reactions
Introduction Antigen-antibody reactions are the cornerstone of the immune system’s ability to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders. When an antigen (a foreign molecule or pathogen) enters the body, the immune Read More …