Bacteriological examinations of water, milk, food, and air
Introduction Bacteriological examination is performed to detect the presence, number, and type of microorganisms in environmental and food samples. It […]
BMLT
Practical section cutting
Introduction Practical section cutting is one of the most important technical procedures in histopathology because the final microscopic diagnosis depends
Total and viable count of bacteria
Introduction Determination of bacterial count is an important laboratory procedure used to estimate the number of microorganisms present in a
Testing of disinfectant Riedeal –walker, Chick Martin
Introduction Disinfectants are chemical agents used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces. Before a disinfectant is used in hospitals,
Morphology of Normal Blood Cells and Their Identification
Introduction A peripheral blood smear is a vital tool for evaluating the morphology and characteristics of blood cells. The three
Preservation of microbes and lyophilisation methods
Introduction Preserving microbial cultures is crucial for applied microbiology, enabling researchers to retain microbial strains for long-term use in research,
Hemocytometer and Hemocytometry
Structure of a Hemocytometer A traditional hemocytometer and Hemocytometry consists of a thick glass microscope slide with a grid etched
Joints
Introduction A joint is the place where two or more bones or cartilages meet. It acts as a connection between
Mycoplasma
Introduction Mycoplasma is the smallest free-living microorganism capable of self-replication. It belongs to the class Mollicutes, meaning “soft skin,” because
Plague
Introduction Plague is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. It is one of the most important epidemic diseases in medical history.
Urinary Tract Infections
Introduction Urinary Tract Infection is one of the most common bacterial infections affecting humans. It occurs when microorganisms invade any
Tuberculosis
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by Tuberculosis. The disease primarily affects the lungs, but it
Serum albumin
Introduction Serum Albumin Test is a commonly performed laboratory test used to measure the concentration of albumin in blood serum.
Cryptococcosis
Introduction Cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic fungal infection caused by encapsulated yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The two most important
Determination of Total Protein
AIM: Determination of Total Protein Introduction Total Proteins are the most abundant compounds in serum. Amino acids are the building
Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the
Hospital Acquired Infections
Introduction Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that develop in patients during their stay in a
Collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for microbiology investigations
Introduction Accurate microbiological diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the clinical sample that reaches the laboratory. The process begins
Hypersensitivity
Introduction Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen (allergen) that leads to tissue damage and pathological
Immunoglobulins
Introduction The immune system is a sophisticated defense network that protects the body from infections and diseases. The humoral immune
Cells and organs of immune systems
Introduction to the Immune System The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together
Sterilization
Introduction Sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life and is carried out in health-care
Blood Sample Collection
Introduction Blood sample collection is a vital procedure in laboratory medicine for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting diseases. The accuracy of
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Nutrition
Introduction Nutrition is taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life. Provide the
Determination of Total Cholesterol
AIM: Determination of Total Cholesterol Introduction Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol present in blood, including LDL, HDL,
Romanowsky dyes
Introduction Romanowsky dyes are a group of polychromatic staining techniques that are fundamental to diagnostic haematology. These stains are primarily
Gas Gangrene
Introduction Gas gangrene is a severe, necrotizing soft tissue infection primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens, along with other species of
Acute Diarrheal Disease
Introduction Acute diarrheal disease is a significant global health issue that can result from various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses,
Food Poisoning
Introduction Food poisoning is an acute gastrointestinal illness caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. It may be due