Ultracentrifuge
Introduction Ultracentrifugation is an advanced centrifugation technique used in laboratories to separate very small biological particles. It is commonly used […]
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Collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for microbiology investigations
Introduction Accurate microbiological diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the clinical sample that reaches the laboratory. The process begins
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
DNA fingerprinting
Introduction DNA fingerprinting is a molecular technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. Except for
Microtome knives and knife sharpening
Introduction Microtome knives and knife sharpening are essential in laboratories, especially in histology and materials science, for preparing ultra-thin specimen
Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disease
Introduction Prenatal diagnosis refers to medical tests performed during pregnancy to detect genetic, chromosomal, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus.
Mutation
Introduction Mutation refers to a heritable and permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material (DNA or RNA). Mutations
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
Introduction Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) is the most commonly used routine staining technique in histopathology. It is the first-line
Haemophilia
Introduction Haemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of specific coagulation factors. It results in prolonged or spontaneous
Cystic fibrosis
Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder. It primarily affects the respiratory, digestive, and sweat gland systems.
Uses and mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants
Introduction Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical agents used to control the growth of microorganisms and prevent infections. They play a
Hermaphroditism
Introduction Hermaphroditism refers to a group of congenital conditions in which an individual shows discordance between chromosomal sex, gonadal sex,
Turner Syndrome
Introduction Turner’s Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects only females. It occurs when one X chromosome is missing or
Biomedical Research
PPV and NPV
1. PPV and NPV PPV (Positive Predictive Value) Definition: If a test is positive, PPV tells you how likely it
Biomedical Research
Sensitivity & Specificity
1️⃣ First, Understand the Problem: Why Do We Need These Terms? Imagine you created a blood test to detect a
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
Handling, Cleaning, Decontamination, and Disposal in a Microbiology lab
Introduction Microbiology labs handle bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and recombinant microbes. These organisms may cause diseases, spread infection, or contaminate
Klinefelter Syndrome
Introduction Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting males, caused by the presence of one or more extra X
DiGeorge Syndrome
Introduction DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 (22q11.2 deletion). It affects the
Down Syndrome
Introduction Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Normally, every
Genetics of Cancer
Introduction Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes that control normal cell growth, division, and death. These
Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome
Introduction Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that primarily affects males and is caused by a defect
Homocystinuria
Introduction Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by excessive accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites in blood and
Cell Biology
Introduction Cell biology is often called the basic unit of life. Every living organism, from the simplest bacteria to the
Alkaptonuria
Introduction Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), leading to
Cleaning and Care of General Laboratory Glassware and Equipment
Introduction In any biochemical or medical laboratory, the accuracy and reliability of analytical results are directly dependent on the cleanliness
Phenylketonuria
Introduction Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that cause
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
Inheritance of Blood Group System
Introduction Inheritance of Blood Group System is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red