Enterobacter cloacae
Introduction Enterobacter cloacae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is widely distributed in nature and […]
Pseudomonas
Introduction Gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermenting bacillus Widely distributed in nature; found in soil, water, and moist environments Important opportunistic pathogen in
Male Reproductive System
Introduction The male reproductive system consists of specialized organs that are responsible for the production, maturation, and transport of male
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated bacillus It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae It is a facultative anaerobe
Urinary System
Introduction Urinary system consists of: A pair of kidneys A pair of ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidneys produce urine. Urine
Meningitis
Introduction Meningitis is a serious inflammatory condition involving the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It
Handling fresh histological specimens
Introduction Handling of fresh histological specimens is the first and most critical step in the histopathology workflow. The quality of
Minerals
Introduction Minerals are inorganic elements required by the human body for normal growth, development, and maintenance of physiological functions. Unlike
Mutation
Introduction Mutation refers to a heritable and permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material (DNA or RNA). Mutations
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
Introduction Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) is the most commonly used routine staining technique in histopathology. It is the first-line
Labeling of histology specimens
Introduction Labeling of histology specimens is a crucial pre-analytical step in histopathology and diagnostic laboratories. It involves accurate identification and
Leptospira
Introduction Leptospira species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Leptospiraceae. Among them, Leptospira interrogans is the most important
Treponema
Introduction Treponema species are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Spirochaetaceae. Among them, Treponema pallidum is the most medically
Microtome
Introduction Microtomes are precision laboratory instruments used for cutting uniform, ultra-thin sections of specimens. They are essential in histology, pathology,
Hemostatic Mechanism
Introduction Hemostasis is the physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss following injury to a blood vessel. It maintains a
Neisseria
Introduction Neisseria is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic diplococci that are exclusively human pathogens. Most species are commensals of the
Clostridium
Introduction Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli of major medical importance. These organisms are widely distributed
Bacillus
Introduction Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria Belongs to the family Bacillaceae Widely distributed in soil, water, air,
Brucella
Introduction Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, also known
Bordetella
Introduction Bordetella is a genus of small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is the principal causative agent of whooping cough
Biochemistry of Ageing
Introduction Ageing is a complex, progressive, and irreversible biological process. It is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological and
Haemophilus
Introduction Haemophilus is a genus of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract. Members of
Compatibility test
Introduction Compatibility test in blood transfusion, also called crossmatching, is a pre-transfusion laboratory procedure. It is performed to ensure that
Yersinia
Introduction Yersinia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Members of this genus are short, rod-shaped
Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods
Introduction Microbial culture is a fundamental laboratory technique used for isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms. Culture methods allow
Haemoglobin Pigments
Introduction Degradation pigments of haemoglobin are coloured products formed during the normal breakdown of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin degradation occurs after the
Lupus Erythematosus cells
Introduction The LE (Lupus Erythematosus) cell phenomenon is a classical immuno-hematological finding associated with autoimmune diseases. It was first described
Hemoglobin Synthesis
Introduction Hemoglobin is a complex iron-containing protein present in red blood cells. It is responsible for the transport of oxygen
Xenobiotic
Introduction Xenobiotics are chemical substances that are foreign to the human body and are not normally produced during metabolism. Common
Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are high–molecular-weight biological macromolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Chemically, they are polymers of nucleotides