Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as […]
Pathology – II – 2nd Yr
Fixatives
Introduction A histological fixative is a chemical substance used to preserve biological tissues from decay, maintaining the structure of cells
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,
Rheumatological diseases and investigations
Introduction Rheumatology is a branch of medicine that deals with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases affecting the joints, muscles, bones, and
Papanicolaou Stain
Introduction The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most important cytological staining techniques used in diagnostic pathology. Dr. George Papanicolaou
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Introduction Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a diagnostic procedure widely used in medical practice to assess lesions and masses.
Microbiology III Yr, Medical Microbiology, Pathology – II - 2nd Yr
VDRL Test
Introduction The VDRL test was developed as a screening test for syphilis and is particularly used to detect secondary syphilis
C-reactive protein
Introduction C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of inflammation, synthesized by the liver in response to cytokines, especially interleukin-6
Cervical cytology
Cervical Cytology Cervical cytology is a diagnostic and screening method to evaluate cellular changes in the cervix. It is primarily
Principles of Antigen Antibody reactions
Introduction Antigen-antibody reactions are the cornerstone of the immune system’s ability to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders. When an antigen
Collection processing and staining of the Cytologic specimen
Collection of Cytologic Specimens Purpose and Importance: The accuracy of cytological diagnoses heavily relies on collecting adequate, representative samples from