Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Introduction Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific metal elements in a […]
Buffer Solutions
Introduction Buffer solutions are special solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Flame photometry
Introduction Flame photometry is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of metal ions, primarily those of alkali and
Radioisotope
Introduction Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation during decay. They are widely used in medical
Storage of chemicals
Introduction Storage of chemicals is an essential part of laboratory safety and management. Proper chemical storage helps maintain the stability,
Analytical Balance
Introduction An analytical balance is a highly sensitive instrument used to measure the mass of substances with great accuracy and
Homocystinuria
Introduction Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by excessive accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites in blood and
Preparation and storage of distilled water
Introduction Distilled water is the purest form of water commonly used in laboratories, hospitals, and industries. It is completely free
Cell Biology
Introduction Cell biology is often called the basic unit of life. Every living organism, from the simplest bacteria to the
Alkaptonuria
Introduction Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), leading to
Cleaning and Care of General Laboratory Glassware and Equipment
Introduction In any biochemical or medical laboratory, the accuracy and reliability of analytical results are directly dependent on the cleanliness
Phenylketonuria
Introduction Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which
Laboratory First aid (accidents)
Introduction Accidents in a medical or biochemical laboratory can occur at any time due to chemicals, glassware, heat sources, or
Laboratory Ethics
Introduction Medical Laboratory Ethics refers to the moral principles, standards, and practices that guide the behaviour and decision-making of professionals
Spectrophotometer
Introduction A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure how much light a substance absorbs at a particular wavelength. It
Colorimeter
Introduction A colorimeter is a device that measures the intensity of color or the absorbance of light by a solution.
Inheritance of Blood Group System
Introduction Inheritance of Blood Group System is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red
Transcription and Translation
Introduction The flow of genetic information in all living organisms follows the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition:
Laboratory instruments and equipments
Introduction Medical laboratory instruments and equipment play a vital role in the accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. These
Hormones
Introduction The term hormone comes from the Greek word hormao, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” Hormones play
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – II
Proteinuria Introduction Proteinuria is the abnormal presence of protein in the urine, often exceeding 150 mg/day in adults. It can
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – I
Introduction Plasma proteins are a heterogeneous group found in blood plasma, constituting a significant blood component. They originate primarily from
Protein Chemistry
Introduction Proteins are the high molecular weight mixed polymers of α-amino acids joined with peptide linkage (-CO-N H-). Proteins are
Recombinant DNA Technology
Introduction Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to DNA molecules created by joining DNA from two or more sources. The process typically
Isolation of Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. They exist in all living organisms and
Southern Blot
Introduction Southern blotting is a method in molecular biology used to find specific DNA sequences in a sample of DNA.
Northern Blot
Introduction Northern blotting is a molecular biology technique used to detect, identify, and study RNA molecules (mainly mRNA) within a
Western blot
Introduction Western blotting, also called immunoblotting, is a laboratory technique used to detect, identify, and semi-quantify specific proteins from a
Fluorescent Immunoassay
Introduction Immunoassays are analytical techniques that use the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody to detect and quantify