DNA Replication
Introduction DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell […]
Satellite DNA
Introduction Satellite DNA refers to repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences that form distinct “satellite bands” when genomic DNA is separated by
Chromosomes
Introduction Chromosomes are thread-like structures present inside the nucleus of every living cell. They are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
Sideroblastic Anaemia
Introduction Anaemia is a condition where the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells or enough haemoglobin to
Chemistry of Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Purines & Pyrimidine Bases Purines and pyrimidines are types of nitrogenous bases found in the structure of nucleotides, the building
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Digestion of Carbohydrates The principal sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consists of:
Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically following the empirical formula (CH2O)n, where
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,
Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique that measures minute amounts of antigens or substances (such
Electrophoresis
Introduction Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, or proteins using an electric
Chromatography
Introduction Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture
Topoisomerase
Topoisomerase DNA is not just a straight ladder — in the cell, it’s supercoiled, twisted, and packed tightly. Whenever DNA
Structure and Function of DNA
Introduction DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the fundamental molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms, from the simplest
Thalassemia
Introduction Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterised by reduced or absent production of one of the globin
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Introduction Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) is a condition that arises when there is incompatibility between the blood of
Sickle cell anemia
Introduction Sickle cell anemia is a serious genetic disorder of the blood where the red blood cells (RBCs) become abnormally
Pernicious anaemia
Introduction Pernicious anaemia is a chronic, autoimmune condition resulting in vitamin B12 deficiency. This deficiency occurs because of the inability
Determination of Sample Size
Determination of Sample Size Determining the correct sample size is a critical aspect of any research study. The sample size
Variables
Variables Variables are fundamental elements in research that allow researchers to measure, analyse, and understand relationships between different factors. In
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Qualitative research focuses on understanding the depth and richness of human experiences, behaviours, and social phenomena. It is
Research on diagnostic tests
Introduction Research on diagnostic tests plays a crucial role in healthcare, as it helps to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy
Study design options in medical and health research
Study design options in medical and health research Study design options in medical and health research refer to the various
Planning the Measurements in Research
Planning the Measurements in Research Measurement in research involves assigning numbers or labels to variables to assess them. It is
Formulation of Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses
Formulation of Objectives, Research Questions, and Hypotheses In the realm of academic research, especially in fields like health and social
Literature Review
Literature Review A literature review is a critical synthesis of existing research and information relevant to a particular research topic
Identification and Prioritisation of Research Problems/Areas
Identification and Prioritisation of Research Problems/Areas Identifying and prioritising research problems or areas is one of the foundational steps in
Introduction to Health Research
Introduction to Health Research Health research is an essential and integral field of scientific inquiry that aims to understand, analyse,
Antibodies
Introduction Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are specialized glycoproteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances,
Antigens
Antigens An antigen is any molecule or substance that can trigger an immune response in the body. Antigens can come
Immunity to Viral Infections
Immunity to Viral Infections Immunity to viral infections involves the body’s defense mechanisms, which work together to recognize, neutralize, and