Free and Total acidity of gastric juice
Introduction To estimate basal and maximal acid output (BAO and MAO) of gastric juice by determining free and total acidity […]
Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry
Introduction Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry is a specialised branch of laboratory medicine that focuses on the measurement of biochemical substances
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Introduction Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is the metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria (and
Haemolytic anaemia
Introduction Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed prematurely at a rate faster than they can be
Iron deficiency anaemia
Introduction Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body’s iron stores are insufficient to meet the demands of red blood cell
Determination of Blood urea
AIM: Determination of Blood urea Non-enzymatic method Principle of Diacetyl monoxime method Under acidic conditions, when urea is heated with
Renal Function Test
Introduction A Renal Function Test (RFT) is a series of blood and urine tests used to evaluate the performance of
pH and pH meter
Introduction pH and pH meter measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, defined as the negative logarithm (base 10)
Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) Ions
Introduction Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions is critical electrolytes in the human body, involved in various physiological
Determination of blood sugar
AIM: Determination of blood sugar Introduction Blood sugar, also called blood glucose, is the amount of glucose (a type of
Handling and disposal of infected and dangerous radioactive materials
Introduction Handling and disposal of infected and dangerous radioactive materials is a highly specialised process that requires strict adherence to
Quality control of a clinical biochemistry laboratory
Introduction The Quality control of a clinical biochemistry laboratory is an essential part of modern healthcare, offering critical data that
Hazards in Clinical Biochemistry
Hazards in Clinical Biochemistry Hazards in Clinical biochemistry involves the analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood and urine, to
Lipid Profile Test
Introduction A lipid profile test is a routine blood test that measures different types of lipids (fats) in the blood.
Cardiac Profile Test
Introduction A cardiac profile test is a comprehensive panel of blood tests designed to evaluate the heart’s overall health and
Microscopic examination of urine analysis
Introduction The microscopic examination of urine analysis is a crucial part of a complete urinalysis. This test identifies invisible elements
Phase Contrast Microscope
Introduction The Phase Contrast Microscope was invented by Frits Zernike in 1930, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize
Blood Banks
Introduction to Blood Banks Blood is a vital component of human life, essential for oxygen transport, immunity, and overall physiological
Kidney Function Tests
Introduction to Kidney Function Tests Kidney function tests are a group of laboratory tests used to assess how well the
Polarizing Microscope
Introduction A polarizing microscope is a specialized optical instrument used to observe and analyze specimens that exhibit birefringence or anisotropic
Semen analysis
Introduction Semen analysis is a test performed to assess the quantity and quality of sperm within a male’s ejaculate. It’s
Tissue typing for kidney transplant
Introduction Tissue typing is a critical process in kidney transplantation that helps ensure compatibility between the donor’s and recipient’s tissues,
Immunopathology
Cancer Immunology
Introduction Cancer immunology is a rapidly growing field focusing on how the immune system can be harnessed to fight cancer.
Infection and the immune system
Introduction of the infections An infection occurs when a pathogen, such as a virus, bacterium, parasite, or fungus, enters the
Laboratory glassware
Introduction Laboratory glassware is an essential component of scientific research and experimentation. Glassware is widely used in laboratories due to
Rheumatological diseases and investigations
Introduction Rheumatology is a branch of medicine that deals with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases affecting the joints, muscles, bones, and
Alkaline phosphatase
Introduction Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH, releasing inorganic
Biochemistry III Yr
Analysis of calculi
Introduction Calculi (stones) are hard deposits formed from minerals and organic materials that precipitate in the body. These deposits commonly
Cytogenetic Studies
Introduction Cytogenetic studies are crucial for understanding chromosomal abnormalities, gene mapping, and genetic disorders. These techniques involve the analysis of
Automation in clinical biochemistry
Introduction Automation in clinical biochemistry refers to using advanced technologies, robotic systems, and computerized equipment to perform routine and specialized