Hypersensitivity
Introduction Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen (allergen) that leads to tissue damage and pathological […]
SPECIALIZATION: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Bacterial Morphology Explained: Types, Size, Forms and Arrangement
Introduction Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that show remarkable diversity in shape, size, and arrangement. Morphology is one of the
Structure and Classification of Microbes
Introduction Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are present everywhere in
Brucella
Introduction Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, also known
Bordetella
Introduction Bordetella is a genus of small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is the principal causative agent of whooping cough
Haemophilus
Introduction Haemophilus is a genus of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract. Members of
Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods
Introduction Microbial culture is a fundamental laboratory technique used for isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms. Culture methods allow
Salmonella
Introduction Salmonella is a clinically important Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a major cause of food-borne
Shigella
Introduction Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Shigella is the causative agent of
Vibrio cholerae
Introduction Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, curved (comma-shaped), motile bacterium. It is the causative agent of cholera, an acute water-borne
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen responsible for various serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Understanding
Electron Microscope
Working Principle Electron microscopes use electron beams instead of light to magnify objects. Electrons have a much shorter wavelength than