Vibrio cholerae
Introduction Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, curved (comma-shaped), motile bacterium. It is the causative agent of cholera, an acute water-borne […]
MMLT
Disorders of Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins
Introduction Plasma lipids include cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids, which are essential for energy metabolism, membrane structure, and
Bone Chemistry
Introduction Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides mechanical support, protection, mineral storage, and metabolic regulation. Bone is a
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
Introduction The connective tissue extracellular matrix is a mesoderm-derived tissue that provides structural support, strength, and metabolic integration to organs
Cystic fibrosis
Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder. It primarily affects the respiratory, digestive, and sweat gland systems.
Uses and mode of action of antiseptics and disinfectants
Introduction Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical agents used to control the growth of microorganisms and prevent infections. They play a
Hermaphroditism
Introduction Hermaphroditism refers to a group of congenital conditions in which an individual shows discordance between chromosomal sex, gonadal sex,
Biosynthesis and Storage of Fats
Introduction Fats (lipids) are essential biomolecules that serve as a major source of energy in the human body. They provide
Di Guglielmo syndrome
Introduction Di Guglielmo syndrome is a rare and aggressive hematological malignancy involving the erythroid (red blood cell) precursor cells. It
Turner Syndrome
Introduction Turner’s Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects only females. It occurs when one X chromosome is missing or
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen responsible for various serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Understanding
Biomedical Research
PPV and NPV
1. PPV and NPV PPV (Positive Predictive Value) Definition: If a test is positive, PPV tells you how likely it
Biomedical Research
Sensitivity & Specificity
1️⃣ First, Understand the Problem: Why Do We Need These Terms? Imagine you created a blood test to detect a
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
Handling, Cleaning, Decontamination, and Disposal in a Microbiology lab
Introduction Microbiology labs handle bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and recombinant microbes. These organisms may cause diseases, spread infection, or contaminate
Klinefelter Syndrome
Introduction Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting males, caused by the presence of one or more extra X
DiGeorge Syndrome
Introduction DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 (22q11.2 deletion). It affects the
Down Syndrome
Introduction Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Normally, every
Genetics of Cancer
Introduction Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes that control normal cell growth, division, and death. These
Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome
Introduction Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that primarily affects males and is caused by a defect
Homocystinuria
Introduction Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by excessive accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites in blood and
Cell Biology
Introduction Cell biology is often called the basic unit of life. Every living organism, from the simplest bacteria to the
Alkaptonuria
Introduction Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), leading to
Cleaning and Care of General Laboratory Glassware and Equipment
Introduction In any biochemical or medical laboratory, the accuracy and reliability of analytical results are directly dependent on the cleanliness
Phenylketonuria
Introduction Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that cause
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
Inheritance of Blood Group System
Introduction Inheritance of Blood Group System is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red
Blood banking glassware
Introduction Blood banking glassware plays an important role in various stages, such as collection, processing, testing, and storage of blood and
ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four