Application of Recombinant DNA Technology in Medicine
Introduction Recombinant DNA technology is a modern biological technique used to combine DNA from two different organisms. In this method, […]
Basic Therapeutic Approach to Common Clinical Syndromes
Introduction In medical practice, a syndrome means a group of symptoms and signs that appear together and suggest a particular
Research design
Introduction Research design is the overall framework used to plan, organize, conduct, and analyze a scientific study. It acts as
Ultracentrifuge
Introduction Ultracentrifugation is an advanced centrifugation technique used in laboratories to separate very small biological particles. It is commonly used
Serum albumin
Introduction Serum Albumin Test is a commonly performed laboratory test used to measure the concentration of albumin in blood serum.
Determination of Total Protein
AIM: Determination of Total Protein Introduction Total Proteins are the most abundant compounds in serum. Amino acids are the building
Metabolism of Lipids
Introduction Lipid metabolism refers to the processes involved in the digestion, absorption, synthesis, transport, and breakdown of lipids in the
Hypersensitivity
Introduction Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen (allergen) that leads to tissue damage and pathological
Immunoglobulins
Introduction The immune system is a sophisticated defense network that protects the body from infections and diseases. The humoral immune
Cells and organs of immune systems
Introduction to the Immune System The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Blood Gas Analysis
Introduction Blood gas analysis is a vital diagnostic tool used to evaluate: Oxygenation status Ventilation status Acid–base balance It helps
Nutrition – II
Caloric Value of Foods The caloric value of food refers to the amount of energy released when food is completely
Nutrition
Introduction Nutrition is taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life. Provide the
Determination of Total Cholesterol
AIM: Determination of Total Cholesterol Introduction Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol present in blood, including LDL, HDL,
DNA fingerprinting
Introduction DNA fingerprinting is a molecular technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. Except for
Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disease
Introduction Prenatal diagnosis refers to medical tests performed during pregnancy to detect genetic, chromosomal, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus.
Chemical examination of urine (Part -2)
Introduction Urine analysis, also known as urinalysis, is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic laboratory investigations. It is carried
Abnormal constituents of urine analysis
Introduction Urine analysis, also called urinalysis, is a commonly used diagnostic laboratory test. It is performed to evaluate the composition
Minerals
Introduction Minerals are inorganic elements required by the human body for normal growth, development, and maintenance of physiological functions. Unlike
Mutation
Introduction Mutation refers to a heritable and permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material (DNA or RNA). Mutations
Clostridium
Introduction Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli of major medical importance. These organisms are widely distributed
Biochemistry of Ageing
Introduction Ageing is a complex, progressive, and irreversible biological process. It is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological and
Haemoglobin Pigments
Introduction Degradation pigments of haemoglobin are coloured products formed during the normal breakdown of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin degradation occurs after the
Hemoglobin Synthesis
Introduction Hemoglobin is a complex iron-containing protein present in red blood cells. It is responsible for the transport of oxygen
Xenobiotic
Introduction Xenobiotics are chemical substances that are foreign to the human body and are not normally produced during metabolism. Common
Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are high–molecular-weight biological macromolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Chemically, they are polymers of nucleotides
Haemophilia
Introduction Haemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of specific coagulation factors. It results in prolonged or spontaneous
Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis and Fatty Liver
Introduction Cholesterol is a vital sterol lipid essential for normal structure and function of cell membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones,
Disorders of Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins
Introduction Plasma lipids include cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids, which are essential for energy metabolism, membrane structure, and