Embryonated eggs in clinical virology
Embryonated eggs have been a cornerstone in clinical virology for decades, particularly for isolating and cultivating viruses that cannot be […]
Virology - II Yr
Virology - II Yr
Positive staining technique for virology
Introduction Positive staining is widely used in virology, especially for electron microscopy (EM), to stain virus particles and enhance their
Microbiology II Yr
Preparation and Standardization of Antigen and Antisera
The preparation and standardization of antigens and antisera are essential in immunology, particularly in developing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and research
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and other mycobacteria plays a critical role in identifying drug resistance patterns
Assay Methods for Body Fluids
Assaying body fluids involves detecting and quantifying various analytes, including cells, proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, hormones, and microorganisms. These tests are
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing (AST) is crucial for determining the susceptibility of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) to various antimicrobial agents. It helps
Biochemical Tests for Bacteria and Fungi
Biochemical Tests for Bacteria Biochemical tests help to identify bacteria by evaluating their metabolic properties, enzymatic activity, and reaction to
Laboratory Contaminants
Common bacteriology Laboratory Contaminants In bacteriology labs, it is crucial to differentiate between true pathogens and common contaminants. Contaminants are
Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) test
Introduction The Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) test is a vital diagnostic tool for measuring antibodies produced against Streptolysin O (SLO), a
Biochemistry III Yr
17-Ketosteroids
Introduction 17-Ketosteroids are steroids that have a 17-keto group. These are metabolites of sex hormones like testosterone and androstenedione, produced
Nocardia
Introduction Nocardia is a genus of aerobic, gram-positive, partially acid-fast, branching filamentous bacteria found in soil, decaying organic matter, and
Actinomyces
Introduction Actinomyces are a group of filamentous, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, facultative anaerobic (or microaerophilic) bacteria that are part of the normal
Mycetoma fungi
Introduction Mycetoma fungi is a chronic, granulomatous infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes deeper structures like bone. It
Dematiaceous fungi
Introduction Dematiaceous fungi are a heterogeneous group of melanized fungi characterized by the presence of dark, pigmented hyphae and spores
Paracoccidioides
Introduction Paracoccidioides is a dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic fungal infection endemic to certain parts of Latin
Coccidioides
Introduction Coccidioides is a dimorphic fungi that causes coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. The disease primarily affects the lungs
Blastomyces
Introduction Blastomyces is a genus of dimorphic fungi that causes blastomycosis, a systemic fungal infection. The primary species causing human
Histoplasmosis
Introduction Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus that can exist as a mold
Sporotrichosis
Introduction Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii, a dimorphic fungus that can infect humans and animals. This
Laboratory Diagnosis of Intestinal Nematode Infections
Introduction Intestinal nematodes (roundworms) are among the most common parasitic infections worldwide, affecting millions of people, particularly in tropical and
Strongyloides stercoralis
Introduction Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that causes strongyloidiasis. It is unique among intestinal helminths because it can
Ancylostoma hookworms
Introduction Ancylostoma is a genus of parasitic hookworms that infect the human intestine, primarily causing hookworm disease. The infection is
Enterobius vermicularis
Introduction Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as the pinworm, is one of the most common intestinal nematode parasites affecting humans, particularly
Ascaris lumbricoides
Introduction Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most common intestinal nematodes (roundworms) that infect humans. It is the causative agent
Medical Helminthology
Introduction Medical Helminthology is a branch of parasitology that studies helminths, parasitic worms that cause human diseases. Helminths are multicellular,
Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria
Malaria diagnosis is a critical step in managing the disease, particularly in endemic areas where timely and accurate detection can
Entamoeba gingivalis
Introduction Entamoeba gingivalis is a protozoan parasite that primarily resides in the oral cavity. It was the first amoeba discovered
Trichomonas vaginalis
Introduction Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia
Introduction Intestinal protozoa infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica (responsible for amoebiasis) and Giardia lamblia (causing giardiasis) are significant public health
Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis
Introduction Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis) is a protozoan parasite and one of the most