Immunity to Viral Infections
Immunity to Viral Infections Immunity to viral infections involves the body’s defense mechanisms, which work together to recognize, neutralize, and […]
BMLT III Yr
Haemolytic anaemia
Introduction Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed prematurely at a rate faster than they can be
Iron deficiency anaemia
Introduction Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body’s iron stores are insufficient to meet the demands of red blood cell
Anaemia
Definition of Anaemia Anaemia is a reduction in the quantity or functionality of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin in
Determination of Blood urea
AIM: Determination of Blood urea Non-enzymatic method Principle of Diacetyl monoxime method Under acidic conditions, when urea is heated with
Renal Function Test
Introduction A Renal Function Test (RFT) is a series of blood and urine tests used to evaluate the performance of
Determination of blood sugar
AIM: Determination of blood sugar Introduction Blood sugar, also called blood glucose, is the amount of glucose (a type of
Virology - III Yr
Prevention of viral diseases
Introduction Prevention of viral diseases has long been a significant threat to global health, causing illnesses from mild colds to
Transmission of viral agents
Introduction The transmission of viral agents plays a pivotal role in the spread of infectious diseases across populations. As microscopic
Parasitology - III Yr
Animal Care and Handling in Parasitological Research
Introduction The identification of vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and fleas is a key component of understanding the transmission
Serological and immunological techniques
Introduction Serological and immunological techniques are laboratory-based methods used to detect and measure the presence of specific antigens (substances that
Trematodes
Introduction Trematodes, commonly known as flukes, are a group of parasitic flatworms belonging to the class Trematoda. These parasites are
Balantidium coli
Introduction Balantidium coli is a ciliate protozoan that primarily inhabits the large intestine of humans and other mammals. Although it
Tissue typing for kidney transplant
Introduction Tissue typing is a critical process in kidney transplantation that helps ensure compatibility between the donor’s and recipient’s tissues,
Immunopathology
Cancer Immunology
Introduction Cancer immunology is a rapidly growing field focusing on how the immune system can be harnessed to fight cancer.
Infection and the immune system
Introduction of the infections An infection occurs when a pathogen, such as a virus, bacterium, parasite, or fungus, enters the
Free-living amoebae parasites
Introduction Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoan parasites that thrive independently in natural environments such as soil, freshwater, air, and dust.
Rheumatological diseases and investigations
Introduction Rheumatology is a branch of medicine that deals with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases affecting the joints, muscles, bones, and
Virology - III Yr
Reverse Passive Hemagglutination Assay
Introduction Reverse Passive Hemagglutination (RPHA) is a serological assay used to detect and quantify antigens in clinical and research settings.
Single Radial Hemolysis Assay
Introduction The Single Radial Hemolysis (SRH) Assay is a serological technique for detecting virus-specific antibodies, particularly against hemolytic viruses. It
Hemadsorption Assay
Introduction The Hemadsorption Assay (HAD) is a fundamental virological method used to detect viruses that express hemagglutinins (HA) on the
Virology - III Yr
Hemagglutination Inhibition assay
Introduction The Hemagglutination Inhibition assay (HAI) is a serological technique widely used in virology to detect and quantify antibodies against
Virology - III Yr
Hemagglutination Assay
Introduction Hemagglutination Assay (HA) is a widely used laboratory technique for detecting and quantifying viruses, antibodies, and other biomolecules that
Alkaline phosphatase
Introduction Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH, releasing inorganic
Laboratory Diagnosis of Superficial Dermatophyte Infections
Superficial dermatophyte infections involve the skin, hair, or nails and are caused by dermatophytes belonging to genera such as Trichophyton,
Biochemistry III Yr
Analysis of calculi
Introduction Calculi (stones) are hard deposits formed from minerals and organic materials that precipitate in the body. These deposits commonly
Hematology III Yr
Safety measures for handling radio-isotopes
General Principles of Radiation Safety The following principles form the foundation of radiation protection: ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably
Hematology III Yr
Uses of Radioisotopes
Introduction Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes, are unstable atoms that emit radiation as they decay into stable forms. In
Cytogenetic Studies
Introduction Cytogenetic studies are crucial for understanding chromosomal abnormalities, gene mapping, and genetic disorders. These techniques involve the analysis of
Platelet Function Tests
Introduction Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, anucleate cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. They play