Practical section cutting
Introduction Practical section cutting is one of the most important technical procedures in histopathology because the final microscopic diagnosis depends […]
MMLT
Quality Control in Histopathology
Introduction Quality control in histopathology means a systematic process of monitoring all laboratory activities to ensure that tissue diagnosis is
Internal Quality Control and External Quality Assessment of Immunohistochemistry
Introduction Immunohistochemistry is one of the most important diagnostic techniques used in modern pathology for identification of specific cellular antigens
Application of Recombinant DNA Technology in Medicine
Introduction Recombinant DNA technology is a modern biological technique used to combine DNA from two different organisms. In this method,
Basic Therapeutic Approach to Common Clinical Syndromes
Introduction In medical practice, a syndrome means a group of symptoms and signs that appear together and suggest a particular
Ultracentrifuge
Introduction Ultracentrifugation is an advanced centrifugation technique used in laboratories to separate very small biological particles. It is commonly used
Collection, transportation and processing of clinical samples for microbiology investigations
Introduction Accurate microbiological diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the clinical sample that reaches the laboratory. The process begins
Hypersensitivity
Introduction Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen (allergen) that leads to tissue damage and pathological
Lipid Chemistry
Introduction Lipids are a diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents such
Blood Gas Analysis
Introduction Blood gas analysis is a vital diagnostic tool used to evaluate: Oxygenation status Ventilation status Acid–base balance It helps
Nutrition – II
Caloric Value of Foods The caloric value of food refers to the amount of energy released when food is completely
Bacterial Morphology Explained: Types, Size, Forms and Arrangement
Introduction Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that show remarkable diversity in shape, size, and arrangement. Morphology is one of the
Structure and Classification of Microbes
Introduction Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are present everywhere in
DNA fingerprinting
Introduction DNA fingerprinting is a molecular technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. Except for
Microtome knives and knife sharpening
Introduction Microtome knives and knife sharpening are essential in laboratories, especially in histology and materials science, for preparing ultra-thin specimen
Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disease
Introduction Prenatal diagnosis refers to medical tests performed during pregnancy to detect genetic, chromosomal, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus.
Mutation
Introduction Mutation refers to a heritable and permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of genetic material (DNA or RNA). Mutations
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
Introduction Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) is the most commonly used routine staining technique in histopathology. It is the first-line
Brucella
Introduction Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, also known
Bordetella
Introduction Bordetella is a genus of small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is the principal causative agent of whooping cough
Biochemistry of Ageing
Introduction Ageing is a complex, progressive, and irreversible biological process. It is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological and
Haemophilus
Introduction Haemophilus is a genus of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract. Members of
Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods
Introduction Microbial culture is a fundamental laboratory technique used for isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms. Culture methods allow
Haemoglobin Pigments
Introduction Degradation pigments of haemoglobin are coloured products formed during the normal breakdown of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin degradation occurs after the
Xenobiotic
Introduction Xenobiotics are chemical substances that are foreign to the human body and are not normally produced during metabolism. Common
Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are high–molecular-weight biological macromolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Chemically, they are polymers of nucleotides
Salmonella
Introduction Salmonella is a clinically important Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a major cause of food-borne
Haemophilia
Introduction Haemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of specific coagulation factors. It results in prolonged or spontaneous
Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis and Fatty Liver
Introduction Cholesterol is a vital sterol lipid essential for normal structure and function of cell membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones,
Shigella
Introduction Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Shigella is the causative agent of