Quality Control in Histopathology
Introduction Quality control in histopathology means a systematic process of monitoring all laboratory activities to ensure that tissue diagnosis is […]
MMLT II Yr
Internal Quality Control and External Quality Assessment of Immunohistochemistry
Introduction Immunohistochemistry is one of the most important diagnostic techniques used in modern pathology for identification of specific cellular antigens
Basic Therapeutic Approach to Common Clinical Syndromes
Introduction In medical practice, a syndrome means a group of symptoms and signs that appear together and suggest a particular
Hypersensitivity
Introduction Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen (allergen) that leads to tissue damage and pathological
Blood Gas Analysis
Introduction Blood gas analysis is a vital diagnostic tool used to evaluate: Oxygenation status Ventilation status Acid–base balance It helps
Nutrition – II
Caloric Value of Foods The caloric value of food refers to the amount of energy released when food is completely
Bacterial Morphology Explained: Types, Size, Forms and Arrangement
Introduction Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that show remarkable diversity in shape, size, and arrangement. Morphology is one of the
Structure and Classification of Microbes
Introduction Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are present everywhere in
Brucella
Introduction Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella species are the causative agents of brucellosis, also known
Bordetella
Introduction Bordetella is a genus of small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli. Bordetella pertussis is the principal causative agent of whooping cough
Biochemistry of Ageing
Introduction Ageing is a complex, progressive, and irreversible biological process. It is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological and
Haemophilus
Introduction Haemophilus is a genus of small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract. Members of
Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods
Introduction Microbial culture is a fundamental laboratory technique used for isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms. Culture methods allow
Haemoglobin Pigments
Introduction Degradation pigments of haemoglobin are coloured products formed during the normal breakdown of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin degradation occurs after the
Xenobiotic
Introduction Xenobiotics are chemical substances that are foreign to the human body and are not normally produced during metabolism. Common
Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are high–molecular-weight biological macromolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Chemically, they are polymers of nucleotides
Salmonella
Introduction Salmonella is a clinically important Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a major cause of food-borne
Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis and Fatty Liver
Introduction Cholesterol is a vital sterol lipid essential for normal structure and function of cell membranes, synthesis of steroid hormones,
Shigella
Introduction Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Shigella is the causative agent of
Vibrio cholerae
Introduction Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, curved (comma-shaped), motile bacterium. It is the causative agent of cholera, an acute water-borne
Disorders of Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins
Introduction Plasma lipids include cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids, which are essential for energy metabolism, membrane structure, and
Bone Chemistry
Introduction Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides mechanical support, protection, mineral storage, and metabolic regulation. Bone is a
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
Introduction The connective tissue extracellular matrix is a mesoderm-derived tissue that provides structural support, strength, and metabolic integration to organs
Biosynthesis and Storage of Fats
Introduction Fats (lipids) are essential biomolecules that serve as a major source of energy in the human body. They provide
Di Guglielmo syndrome
Introduction Di Guglielmo syndrome is a rare and aggressive hematological malignancy involving the erythroid (red blood cell) precursor cells. It
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen responsible for various serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Understanding
Hormones
Introduction The term hormone comes from the Greek word hormao, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” Hormones play
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – I
Introduction Plasma proteins are a heterogeneous group found in blood plasma, constituting a significant blood component. They originate primarily from
Trephine Technique – Bone Marrow Biopsy
Introduction The bone marrow is the central organ of blood formation (hematopoiesis). It produces red blood cells (RBCs), white blood
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia
Introduction Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) is a rare blood disorder in which the immune system produces autoantibodies that attack