Shigella
Introduction Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Shigella is the causative agent of […]
Vibrio cholerae
Introduction Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, curved (comma-shaped), motile bacterium. It is the causative agent of cholera, an acute water-borne
Streptococci
Introduction Streptococci are Gram-positive, spherical (cocci) bacteria that typically arrange in chains or pairs. They belong to the family Streptococcaceae
Staphylococci
Introduction Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci that typically appear in grape-like clusters due to division in multiple planes. They are non-motile,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen responsible for various serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Understanding
Automation in Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a cornerstone of clinical diagnostics, providing critical information on the detection, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of
Accreditation of Medical Microbiology Laboratories
Introduction Definition:Accreditation of Medical Microbiology Laboratories is the formal recognition by an authorized body that a laboratory is competent to
Laboratory organization, management, recording of results and quality control in microbiology
Introduction Organising, managing, recording results, and implementing stringent quality control in microbiology labs are vital to producing reliable and reproducible
Transmission of viral agents
Introduction The transmission of viral agents plays a pivotal role in the spread of infectious diseases across populations. As microscopic
Parasitology - III Yr
Animal Care and Handling in Parasitological Research
Introduction The identification of vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and fleas is a key component of understanding the transmission
Balantidium coli
Introduction Balantidium coli is a ciliate protozoan that primarily inhabits the large intestine of humans and other mammals. Although it
Free-living amoebae parasites
Introduction Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoan parasites that thrive independently in natural environments such as soil, freshwater, air, and dust.
Virology - III Yr
Reverse Passive Hemagglutination Assay
Introduction Reverse Passive Hemagglutination (RPHA) is a serological assay used to detect and quantify antigens in clinical and research settings.
Single Radial Hemolysis Assay
Introduction The Single Radial Hemolysis (SRH) Assay is a serological technique for detecting virus-specific antibodies, particularly against hemolytic viruses. It
Hemadsorption Assay
Introduction The Hemadsorption Assay (HAD) is a fundamental virological method used to detect viruses that express hemagglutinins (HA) on the
Virology - III Yr
Hemagglutination Inhibition assay
Introduction The Hemagglutination Inhibition assay (HAI) is a serological technique widely used in virology to detect and quantify antibodies against
Diphyllobothrium latum
Diphyllobothrium latum, commonly known as the broad fish tapeworm, is one of the largest tapeworm species infecting humans. It primarily
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis nana, commonly known as the dwarf tapeworm, is a parasitic tapeworm that primarily infects humans and is one of
Nocardia
Introduction Nocardia is a genus of aerobic, gram-positive, partially acid-fast, branching filamentous bacteria found in soil, decaying organic matter, and
Actinomyces
Introduction Actinomyces are a group of filamentous, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, facultative anaerobic (or microaerophilic) bacteria that are part of the normal
Mycetoma fungi
Introduction Mycetoma fungi is a chronic, granulomatous infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and sometimes deeper structures like bone. It
Dematiaceous fungi
Introduction Dematiaceous fungi are a heterogeneous group of melanized fungi characterized by the presence of dark, pigmented hyphae and spores
Paracoccidioides
Introduction Paracoccidioides is a dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic fungal infection endemic to certain parts of Latin
Coccidioides
Introduction Coccidioides is a dimorphic fungi that causes coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. The disease primarily affects the lungs
Blastomyces
Introduction Blastomyces is a genus of dimorphic fungi that causes blastomycosis, a systemic fungal infection. The primary species causing human
Histoplasmosis
Introduction Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus that can exist as a mold
Sporotrichosis
Introduction Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii, a dimorphic fungus that can infect humans and animals. This
Medical Helminthology
Introduction Medical Helminthology is a branch of parasitology that studies helminths, parasitic worms that cause human diseases. Helminths are multicellular,
Entamoeba gingivalis
Introduction Entamoeba gingivalis is a protozoan parasite that primarily resides in the oral cavity. It was the first amoeba discovered
Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia
Introduction Intestinal protozoa infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica (responsible for amoebiasis) and Giardia lamblia (causing giardiasis) are significant public health