Free and Total acidity of gastric juice
Introduction To estimate basal and maximal acid output (BAO and MAO) of gastric juice by determining free and total acidity […]
Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry
Introduction Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry is a specialised branch of laboratory medicine that focuses on the measurement of biochemical substances
Connective Tissue
General feature The term connective tissue (CT) is applied to a tissue that fills the interstices between more specialized elements.
Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells are specialised cells that form the epithelium, a continuous layer that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and organs
Interference Microscope
Introduction An interference microscope is an advanced optical instrument that utilizes the principles of light interference to enhance image contrast
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Introduction Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is the metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria (and
Laboratory Safety
General Laboratory Safety Personal Protective Equipment: Lab Coats: Protects clothing and skin from spills and splashes. Gloves: Necessary when handling
Haemolytic anaemia
Introduction Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed prematurely at a rate faster than they can be
Iron deficiency anaemia
Introduction Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body’s iron stores are insufficient to meet the demands of red blood cell
Anaemia
Definition of Anaemia Anaemia is a reduction in the quantity or functionality of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin in
Composition and Functions of Blood
Introduction Blood is a vital fluid in the human body that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting
Determination of Blood urea
AIM: Determination of Blood urea Non-enzymatic method Principle of Diacetyl monoxime method Under acidic conditions, when urea is heated with
Renal Function Test
Introduction A Renal Function Test (RFT) is a series of blood and urine tests used to evaluate the performance of
pH and pH meter
Introduction pH and pH meter measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, defined as the negative logarithm (base 10)
Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) Ions
Introduction Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions is critical electrolytes in the human body, involved in various physiological
Determination of Clotting Time
AIM: Determination of Clotting Time Capillary method Principle The principle behind the capillary method is that blood, when exposed to
Determination of Bleeding Time
AIM: Determination of Bleeding Time Duke Method Principle: The Duke method is a simple test to measure the time taken
Determination of blood sugar
AIM: Determination of blood sugar Introduction Blood sugar, also called blood glucose, is the amount of glucose (a type of
Determination of Reticulocyte Count
AIM: Determination of Reticulocyte Count Principle The supravital staining method is used for reticulocyte count. Blood is mixed with the
Determination of Platelet Count
AIM: Determination of Platelet Count (Thrombocyte) Principle The total platelet count is a blood test used to measure the number
Determination of DLC
AIM: Determination of Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) Principle The DLC is based on the microscopic examination of a blood smear
Determination of PCV
AIM: Determination of PCV (Packed Cell Volume), also known as hematocrit (HCT) Microhematocrit Method Principle The principle of the microhematocrit
Determination of Total Leukocyte Count
AIM: Determination of Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) Principle The glacial acetic acid lyses the red cells while the gentian violet
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
AIM: Determination of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Principle The ESR is based on the principle of gravity and the aggregation
Determination of Hemoglobin
AIM: Determination of Hemoglobin Principle of Sahli’s method When blood is added to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, hemoglobin is converted
Determination of Malaria Parasites
Determination of Malaria Parasites The thick blood smear concentrates Plasmodium parasites, making them easier to detect, while the thin smear
Handling and disposal of infected and dangerous radioactive materials
Introduction Handling and disposal of infected and dangerous radioactive materials is a highly specialised process that requires strict adherence to
Quality control of a clinical biochemistry laboratory
Introduction The Quality control of a clinical biochemistry laboratory is an essential part of modern healthcare, offering critical data that
Preparation of blood smear and staining method
Principle Blood smear preparation is used to examine blood cells under a microscope. It allows for the evaluation of the
Identification of mineral pigment stains
Introduction Identification of mineral pigment stains is inorganic substances that accumulate in tissues due to various physiological, pathological, or environmental