Female Genital System
Introduction The female genital system is a complex organ system that plays a key role in reproduction, sexual function, and […]
Male Genital System
Introduction The male genital system is a complex and highly specialized anatomical structure responsible for reproduction, sexual function, and the
Urinary System
The urinary system, also called the renal system, is responsible for filtering and eliminating waste products from the body while maintaining the
Tissue typing for kidney transplant
Introduction Tissue typing is a critical process in kidney transplantation that helps ensure compatibility between the donor’s and recipient’s tissues,
Immunopathology
Cancer Immunology
Introduction Cancer immunology is a rapidly growing field focusing on how the immune system can be harnessed to fight cancer.
Infection and the immune system
Introduction of the infections An infection occurs when a pathogen, such as a virus, bacterium, parasite, or fungus, enters the
Laboratory glassware
Introduction Laboratory glassware is an essential component of scientific research and experimentation. Glassware is widely used in laboratories due to
Structure of the Liver
Introduction The liver is the largest internal organ and a vital gland in the human body. It performs over 500
Digestive system
Introduction The alimentary system, also known as the digestive system, is responsible for the breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients,
Free-living amoebae parasites
Introduction Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoan parasites that thrive independently in natural environments such as soil, freshwater, air, and dust.
Rheumatological diseases and investigations
Introduction Rheumatology is a branch of medicine that deals with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases affecting the joints, muscles, bones, and
Virology - III Yr
Reverse Passive Hemagglutination Assay
Introduction Reverse Passive Hemagglutination (RPHA) is a serological assay used to detect and quantify antigens in clinical and research settings.
Single Radial Hemolysis Assay
Introduction The Single Radial Hemolysis (SRH) Assay is a serological technique for detecting virus-specific antibodies, particularly against hemolytic viruses. It
Hemadsorption Assay
Introduction The Hemadsorption Assay (HAD) is a fundamental virological method used to detect viruses that express hemagglutinins (HA) on the
Virology - III Yr
Hemagglutination Inhibition assay
Introduction The Hemagglutination Inhibition assay (HAI) is a serological technique widely used in virology to detect and quantify antibodies against
Virology - III Yr
Hemagglutination Assay
Introduction Hemagglutination Assay (HA) is a widely used laboratory technique for detecting and quantifying viruses, antibodies, and other biomolecules that
Cardiovascular System
Introduction The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a vital organ system that facilitates the continuous movement
Parasitology - II Yr
Casons test
Introduction Cason’s test is a biochemical test used to detect sphingomyelin, a major phospholipid found in biological membranes, especially in
Egg counting techniques
Introduction Parasitic infections caused by helminths (worms) and protozoa significantly impact human and animal health worldwide. The detection and quantification
Cytology - II Yr
Cytolologic screening and quality control in cytology laboratory
Introduction Cytologic screening is crucial for detecting cellular abnormalities, particularly in cancer diagnosis, infection detection, and other pathological conditions. The
Periodic Acid-Schiff Stain
Introduction Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain is a widely used histochemical technique highlighting glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and other carbohydrate-rich tissue structures.
Alkaline phosphatase
Introduction Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH, releasing inorganic
Papanicolaou Stain
Introduction The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most important cytological staining techniques used in diagnostic pathology. Dr. George Papanicolaou
May Grünwald Giemsa (MGG) staining technique
Introduction Cytological staining plays a fundamental role in clinical diagnostics by enhancing the visualization of cellular components. The May Grünwald
Respiratory system
Introduction The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, enabling the body to take in oxygen for metabolic processes and
Laboratory Diagnosis of Superficial Dermatophyte Infections
Superficial dermatophyte infections involve the skin, hair, or nails and are caused by dermatophytes belonging to genera such as Trichophyton,
Biochemistry III Yr
Analysis of calculi
Introduction Calculi (stones) are hard deposits formed from minerals and organic materials that precipitate in the body. These deposits commonly
Hematology III Yr
Safety measures for handling radio-isotopes
General Principles of Radiation Safety The following principles form the foundation of radiation protection: ALARA Principle (As Low As Reasonably
Hematology III Yr
Uses of Radioisotopes
Introduction Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes, are unstable atoms that emit radiation as they decay into stable forms. In
Cytogenetic Studies
Introduction Cytogenetic studies are crucial for understanding chromosomal abnormalities, gene mapping, and genetic disorders. These techniques involve the analysis of