Homocystinuria
Introduction Homocystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by excessive accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites in blood and […]
Preparation and storage of distilled water
Introduction Distilled water is the purest form of water commonly used in laboratories, hospitals, and industries. It is completely free
Cell Biology
Introduction Cell biology is often called the basic unit of life. Every living organism, from the simplest bacteria to the
Alkaptonuria
Introduction Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), leading to
Cleaning and Care of General Laboratory Glassware and Equipment
Introduction In any biochemical or medical laboratory, the accuracy and reliability of analytical results are directly dependent on the cleanliness
Phenylketonuria
Introduction Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which
Laboratory First aid (accidents)
Introduction Accidents in a medical or biochemical laboratory can occur at any time due to chemicals, glassware, heat sources, or
Laboratory Ethics
Introduction Medical Laboratory Ethics refers to the moral principles, standards, and practices that guide the behaviour and decision-making of professionals
Spectrophotometer
Introduction A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure how much light a substance absorbs at a particular wavelength. It
Colorimeter
Introduction A colorimeter is a device that measures the intensity of color or the absorbance of light by a solution.
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that cause
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
Inheritance of Blood Group System
Introduction Inheritance of Blood Group System is determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red
Blood banking glassware
Introduction Blood banking glassware plays an important role in various stages, such as collection, processing, testing, and storage of blood and
ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four
Transcription and Translation
Introduction The flow of genetic information in all living organisms follows the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition:
Laboratory instruments and equipments
Introduction Medical laboratory instruments and equipment play a vital role in the accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. These
Digestive System
Introduction The digestive system consists of the oral cavity and a hollow tubular gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plus digestive glands associated
Hormones
Introduction The term hormone comes from the Greek word hormao, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” Hormones play
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – II
Proteinuria Introduction Proteinuria is the abnormal presence of protein in the urine, often exceeding 150 mg/day in adults. It can
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – I
Introduction Plasma proteins are a heterogeneous group found in blood plasma, constituting a significant blood component. They originate primarily from
Protein Chemistry
Introduction Proteins are the high molecular weight mixed polymers of α-amino acids joined with peptide linkage (-CO-N H-). Proteins are
Recombinant DNA Technology
Introduction Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to DNA molecules created by joining DNA from two or more sources. The process typically
Isolation of Nucleic Acids
Introduction Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. They exist in all living organisms and
Trephine Technique – Bone Marrow Biopsy
Introduction The bone marrow is the central organ of blood formation (hematopoiesis). It produces red blood cells (RBCs), white blood
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia
Introduction Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) is a rare blood disorder in which the immune system produces autoantibodies that attack
Staining of bone marrow smear
Introduction Bone marrow is the main factory of blood cells. It produces red cells, white cells, and platelets. Many blood
Automation in Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a cornerstone of clinical diagnostics, providing critical information on the detection, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Introduction Epidemiology is the scientific discipline that studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations and applies this