Laboratory First aid (accidents)
Introduction Accidents in a medical or biochemical laboratory can occur at any time due to chemicals, glassware, heat sources, or […]
BMLT
Laboratory Ethics
Introduction Medical Laboratory Ethics refers to the moral principles, standards, and practices that guide the behaviour and decision-making of professionals
Spectrophotometer
Introduction A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure how much light a substance absorbs at a particular wavelength. It
Colorimeter
Introduction A colorimeter is a device that measures the intensity of color or the absorbance of light by a solution.
Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that cause
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
ABO Blood Group System
Introduction The ABO blood group system is the most important classification used for blood transfusions, categorizing human blood into four
Enzymes
Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts—usually proteins—that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. Definition:
Laboratory instruments and equipments
Introduction Medical laboratory instruments and equipment play a vital role in the accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. These
Digestive System
Introduction The digestive system consists of the oral cavity and a hollow tubular gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plus digestive glands associated
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – II
Proteinuria Introduction Proteinuria is the abnormal presence of protein in the urine, often exceeding 150 mg/day in adults. It can
Disorders of Protein Metabolism – I
Introduction Plasma proteins are a heterogeneous group found in blood plasma, constituting a significant blood component. They originate primarily from
Protein Chemistry
Introduction Proteins are the high molecular weight mixed polymers of α-amino acids joined with peptide linkage (-CO-N H-). Proteins are
Staining of bone marrow smear
Introduction Bone marrow is the main factory of blood cells. It produces red cells, white cells, and platelets. Many blood
Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding
Introduction Processing histological tissues for paraffin embedding is a fundamental technique in histopathology and biomedical research. This process is essential
Care and handling of laboratory animals
Introduction Care and handling of laboratory animals requires careful attention to ethical standards, health, welfare, and scientific integrity. Proper care
Principle of staining methods in the microbiology lab
Introduction The principle of staining methods in the microbiology lab, like Gram staining, is a fundamental laboratory technique used to
Laboratory organization, management, recording of results and quality control in microbiology
Introduction Organising, managing, recording results, and implementing stringent quality control in microbiology labs are vital to producing reliable and reproducible
Decalcification
Introduction Decalcification is a critical preparatory step in histology, particularly for hard tissues such as bone and teeth, which contain
Fixatives
Introduction A histological fixative is a chemical substance used to preserve biological tissues from decay, maintaining the structure of cells
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Digestion of Carbohydrates The principal sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and small intestine. The dietary carbohydrate consists of:
Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), typically following the empirical formula (CH2O)n, where
Blood Vessels
Introduction Blood vessels deliver nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells of the body and remove metabolic waste products and CO2
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,
Radioimmunoassay
Radioimmunoassay Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific laboratory technique that measures minute amounts of antigens or substances (such
Electrophoresis
Introduction Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, or proteins using an electric
Chromatography
Introduction Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture
Anticoagulants
Introduction Anticoagulants play a crucial role in ensuring that blood samples remain in a fluid state for testing, storage, and
Introduction to Histopathology
Introduction Introduction of Histopathology is the branch of pathology involving microscopic examination of biological tissues to observe the appearance of
Nervous Tissue
Introduction The nervous tissue is composed of an interconnecting network of specialised cells called neurons (nerve cells) supported by neuroglial