Thyroid Function Tests
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, growth, and energy balance. Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs) help […]
Collection and recording of biological specimens in a biochemistry lab
Introduction The reliability of any biochemical test depends heavily on proper collection and accurate recording of biological specimens such as
Culture media
Introduction Culture media are essential for supporting the growth of microorganisms in various laboratory applications. Understanding the roles of each
Physiological Variations in Haematological Parameters
Physiological Variations A Comprehensive Guide for Students, Clinicians, and Laboratory Professionals Physiological Variations in Haematological Parameters are essential indicators of
Handling, Cleaning, Decontamination, and Disposal in a Microbiology lab
Introduction Microbiology labs handle bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and recombinant microbes. These organisms may cause diseases, spread infection, or contaminate
Discovery of blood groups
Discovery of Blood Groups The discovery of blood groups is one of the most influential breakthroughs in medical science. Today,
Histopathology lab safety
Introduction Histopathology involves processing biological tissues using various chemical, mechanical, and heat-based procedures. Lab personnel are exposed to: Infectious agents
General Characteristics of Bacteria
Introduction Bacteria are ancient and highly adaptable microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, from soil and water to
Growth and nutrition of microbes
Introduction Growth and nutrition of microbes describe how microorganisms obtain nutrients, utilize energy sources, and multiply under suitable environmental conditions.
Biomedical waste management
Introduction Biomedical waste includes infectious, pathological, chemical, pharmaceutical, radioactive, and sharps waste produced during healthcare activities. Why BMW management is
Surface Tension
Introduction Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a liquid to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.It
Preparation of reagents and standard solutions
Introduction In biochemistry, reagents and standard solutions are not merely chemical mixtures—they are analytical tools that enable quantification, calibration, and
Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates
Introduction Carbohydrates are a major dietary energy source and must be broken into simple sugars before absorption. The diet contains
Protein Metabolism
Sources of Amino Acids Dietary proteins – obtained from food and digested into amino acids. Degradation of body (tissue) proteins
Digestion and absorption of proteins
Introduction Proteins are fundamental macronutrients that form the structural and functional framework of life. Every living cell depends on proteins
Osmosis
Introduction Osmosis is the movement of water or solvent molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region
Dialysis
Introduction Dialysis is one of the most remarkable applications of biochemical and physiological principles used in modern medicine. It is
Klinefelter Syndrome
Introduction Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting males, caused by the presence of one or more extra X
DiGeorge Syndrome
Introduction DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 22 (22q11.2 deletion). It affects the
Down Syndrome
Introduction Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Normally, every
Genetics of Cancer
Introduction Cancer is a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes that control normal cell growth, division, and death. These
Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome
Introduction Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that primarily affects males and is caused by a defect
Amino Acids
Amino Acids Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) of proteins. An amino acid comprises two functional groups—amino (–NH2), and
Introduction to hematology and Laboratory Organization
Introduction Hematology is the branch of laboratory medicine that deals with the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Introduction Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific metal elements in a
Buffer Solutions
Introduction Buffer solutions are special solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Flame photometry
Introduction Flame photometry is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of metal ions, primarily those of alkali and
Radioisotope
Introduction Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation during decay. They are widely used in medical
Storage of chemicals
Introduction Storage of chemicals is an essential part of laboratory safety and management. Proper chemical storage helps maintain the stability,
Analytical Balance
Introduction An analytical balance is a highly sensitive instrument used to measure the mass of substances with great accuracy and