Leukaemia
Leukaemia Leukaemia is a type of cancer originating in the hematopoietic tissues, particularly the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction […]
BMLT
Muscular tissue
Introduction Muscular tissue is responsible for movement in the body. It consists of muscle fibers that can contract to generate
Histology of bones
General features of the histology of bones Bone is a specialised connective tissue enriched with inorganic salts, making it rigid
Formation of Blood
Introduction Formation of blood or hematopoiesis is the process by which all types of blood cells are produced and developed
Immunity to Viral Infections
Immunity to Viral Infections Immunity to viral infections involves the body’s defense mechanisms, which work together to recognize, neutralize, and
Histology of Cartilage
General features of Cartilage Histology of Cartilage is an avascular connective tissue that forms the “skeletal” basis of some parts
Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry
Introduction Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry is a specialised branch of laboratory medicine that focuses on the measurement of biochemical substances
Connective Tissue
General feature The term connective tissue (CT) is applied to a tissue that fills the interstices between more specialized elements.
Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells are specialised cells that form the epithelium, a continuous layer that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and organs
Interference Microscope
Introduction An interference microscope is an advanced optical instrument that utilizes the principles of light interference to enhance image contrast
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Introduction Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is the metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria (and
Laboratory Safety
General Laboratory Safety Personal Protective Equipment: Lab Coats: Protects clothing and skin from spills and splashes. Gloves: Necessary when handling
Haemolytic anaemia
Introduction Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed prematurely at a rate faster than they can be
Iron deficiency anaemia
Introduction Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when the body’s iron stores are insufficient to meet the demands of red blood cell
Anaemia
Definition of Anaemia Anaemia is a reduction in the quantity or functionality of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin in
Composition and Functions of Blood
Introduction Blood is a vital fluid in the human body that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting
Determination of Blood urea
AIM: Determination of Blood urea Non-enzymatic method Principle of Diacetyl monoxime method Under acidic conditions, when urea is heated with
Renal Function Test
Introduction A Renal Function Test (RFT) is a series of blood and urine tests used to evaluate the performance of
pH and pH meter
Introduction pH and pH meter measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, defined as the negative logarithm (base 10)
Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) Ions
Introduction Determination of Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions is critical electrolytes in the human body, involved in various physiological
Determination of Clotting Time
AIM: Determination of Clotting Time Capillary method Principle The principle behind the capillary method is that blood, when exposed to
Determination of Bleeding Time
AIM: Determination of Bleeding Time Duke Method Principle: The Duke method is a simple test to measure the time taken
Determination of blood sugar
AIM: Determination of blood sugar Introduction Blood sugar, also called blood glucose, is the amount of glucose (a type of
Determination of Reticulocyte Count
AIM: Determination of Reticulocyte Count Principle The supravital staining method is used for reticulocyte count. Blood is mixed with the
Determination of Platelet Count
AIM: Determination of Platelet Count (Thrombocyte) Principle The total platelet count is a blood test used to measure the number
Determination of PCV
AIM: Determination of PCV (Packed Cell Volume), also known as hematocrit (HCT) Microhematocrit Method Principle The principle of the microhematocrit
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
AIM: Determination of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Principle The ESR is based on the principle of gravity and the aggregation
Determination of Hemoglobin
AIM: Determination of Hemoglobin Principle of Sahli’s method When blood is added to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, hemoglobin is converted
Quality control of a clinical biochemistry laboratory
Introduction The Quality control of a clinical biochemistry laboratory is an essential part of modern healthcare, offering critical data that
Identification of mineral pigment stains
Introduction Identification of mineral pigment stains is inorganic substances that accumulate in tissues due to various physiological, pathological, or environmental