Principles and mode of action of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents for bacteria and fungi
Principles and mode of action of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents for bacteria and fungi, Antibiotics are drugs used to treat […]
Principles of Antigen Antibody reactions
Introduction Antigen-antibody reactions are the cornerstone of the immune system’s ability to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders. When an antigen
General characters and nature of antigens and antibodies
Antigens Antigens are molecules that the immune system identifies as foreign, prompting it to initiate a response to neutralize or
Collection processing and staining of the Cytologic specimen
Collection of Cytologic Specimens Purpose and Importance: The accuracy of cytological diagnoses heavily relies on collecting adequate, representative samples from
Exfoliative cytology studies of cells
Exfoliative cytology studies of cells that are shed or scraped from body surfaces. It is a non-invasive diagnostic technique primarily
Leprosy
Introduction Leprosy, or Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This intracellular bacterium primarily affects
Laboratory Tests for Assessing Bleeding Disorders
Assessing bleeding disorders involves various laboratory tests to evaluate the hemostatic process. These tests can help determine the nature of
Cytochemical staining procedures
Cytochemical staining procedures are essential laboratory techniques for diagnosing and classifying hematopoietic disorders, including leukemias and other blood-related diseases. These
Laboratory investigations of megaloblastic anaemia
Introduction Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of abnormally large, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts)
Epidemiological markers of micro-organisms serotyping, bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing method
Epidemiology, the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations, plays a crucial role in understanding the
Toxin-Antitoxin Assay and pathogenicity tests
The toxin-antitoxin (TA) system is a stress-response system used by bacteria. It comprises two components: the toxin, which can inhibit
Cell cytoplasmic constituents include various organelles
Cell cytoplasmic constituents include various organelles and biomolecules that play essential roles in cellular function. Each constituent can be visualized
Nucleic acid ,DNA and RNA special stains
Nucleic acid staining techniques are widely used in histology and microbiology to identify and visualize DNA and RNA within cells.
Microorganism in the tissue-various staining techniques
Identifying microorganisms within tissue samples is crucial in diagnosing infectious diseases and determining their causative agents. Microorganisms, such as bacteria,
Preparation and standardisation of vaccines and immunization
Preparation and Standardization of Vaccines and Immunization Schedules Vaccines are one of the most critical tools in public health, preventing
Uses of controls in various staining procedures
Introduction Using controls ensures histological staining results’ accuracy, consistency, and reliability. By using controls, histologists and pathologists can confirm that
Hematology I Yr, Pathology – I - 2nd Yr
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a crucial medical diagnostic tool, especially for neurological conditions. The analysis of CSF can provide valuable
Anatomy and Physiology
Skeletal System
The skeletal system is a complex network of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that provide structural support and protection for