Determination of Total Cholesterol
AIM: Determination of Total Cholesterol Introduction Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol present in blood, including LDL, HDL, […]
DMLT II Yr
Chemical examination of urine (Part -2)
Introduction Urine analysis, also known as urinalysis, is one of the most commonly performed diagnostic laboratory investigations. It is carried
Physical Examination of urine (Part -1)
Introduction Routine urine analysis is a commonly performed laboratory investigation used for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. It is
Determination of Uric Acid
AIM: Determination of Uric Acid Introduction The end product of purine breakdown in humans is uric acid. Purine catabolism begins
Widal test
Introduction The Widal test is a serological diagnostic method widely used to identify typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as
Fixatives
Introduction A histological fixative is a chemical substance used to preserve biological tissues from decay, maintaining the structure of cells
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Introduction Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a popular and widely used biochemical technique designed to measure the concentration of substances,
Determination of Blood urea
AIM: Determination of Blood urea Non-enzymatic method Principle of Diacetyl monoxime method Under acidic conditions, when urea is heated with
Determination of blood sugar
AIM: Determination of blood sugar Introduction Blood sugar, also called blood glucose, is the amount of glucose (a type of
Lipid Profile Test
Introduction A lipid profile test is a routine blood test that measures different types of lipids (fats) in the blood.
Microscopic examination of urine analysis
Introduction The microscopic examination of urine analysis is a crucial part of a complete urinalysis. This test identifies invisible elements
Kidney Function Tests
Introduction to Kidney Function Tests Kidney function tests are a group of laboratory tests used to assess how well the
Semen analysis
Introduction Semen analysis is a test performed to assess the quantity and quality of sperm within a male’s ejaculate. It’s
Nervous System
Introduction The nervous system is a highly specialized and complex network of cells and organs that coordinates and integrates the
Female Genital System
Introduction The female genital system is a complex organ system that plays a key role in reproduction, sexual function, and
Male Genital System
Introduction The male genital system is a complex and highly specialized anatomical structure responsible for reproduction, sexual function, and the
Urinary System
The urinary system, also called the renal system, is responsible for filtering and eliminating waste products from the body while maintaining the
Rheumatological diseases and investigations
Introduction Rheumatology is a branch of medicine that deals with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases affecting the joints, muscles, bones, and
Papanicolaou Stain
Introduction The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most important cytological staining techniques used in diagnostic pathology. Dr. George Papanicolaou
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Introduction Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a diagnostic procedure widely used in medical practice to assess lesions and masses.
Microbiology III Yr, Medical Microbiology, Pathology – II - 2nd Yr
VDRL Test
Introduction The VDRL test was developed as a screening test for syphilis and is particularly used to detect secondary syphilis
C-reactive protein
Introduction C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of inflammation, synthesized by the liver in response to cytokines, especially interleukin-6
Biochemistry III Yr, Biochemistry, Biochemistry - 2nd Yr
SGPT
Introduction Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), also known as Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), is a liver enzyme primarily involved in amino
Biochemistry III Yr, Biochemistry, Biochemistry - 2nd Yr
SGOT
Introduction SGOT is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between aspartate and α-ketoglutarate to form
Biochemistry III Yr, Biochemistry, Biochemistry - 2nd Yr
Serum creatinine
Introduction Serum creatinine is a key biochemical parameter used to evaluate renal function. Creatinine is a waste product formed by
Cervical cytology
Cervical Cytology Cervical cytology is a diagnostic and screening method to evaluate cellular changes in the cervix. It is primarily
Principles of Antigen Antibody reactions
Introduction Antigen-antibody reactions are the cornerstone of the immune system’s ability to recognize and neutralize foreign invaders. When an antigen
Collection processing and staining of the Cytologic specimen
Collection of Cytologic Specimens Purpose and Importance: The accuracy of cytological diagnoses heavily relies on collecting adequate, representative samples from
Hematology I Yr, Pathology – I - 2nd Yr
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a crucial medical diagnostic tool, especially for neurological conditions. The analysis of CSF can provide valuable